北京航空航天大学考博英语真题doc.docx
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北京航空航天大学考博英语真题doc.docx
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北京航空航天大学考博英语真题doc
北京航空航天大学考博英语真题2013年
(总分:
80.00,做题时间:
90分钟)
一、PartⅠListeningCom(总题数:
0,分数:
0.00)
二、PartⅡReadingCompr(总题数:
0,分数:
0.00)
三、Passage1(总题数:
1,分数:
7.50)
Printmakingisthegenerictermforanumberofprocesses,ofwhichwoodcutandengravingaretwoprimeexamples.Printsaremadebypressingasheetofpaper(orothermaterial)againstanimage-bearingsurfacetowhichinkhasbeenapplied.Whenthepaperisremoved,theimageadherestoit,butinreverse.
ThewoodcuthadbeenusedinChinafromthefifthcenturyA.D.forapplyingpatternstotextiles.TheprocesswasnotintroducedintoEuropeuntilthefourteenthcentury,firstfortextiledecorationandthenforprintingonpaper.Woodcutsarecreatedbyareliefprocess;first,theartisttakesablockofwood,whichhasbeensawedparalleltothegrain,coversitwithawhiteground,andthendrawstheimageinink.Thebackgroundiscarvedaway,leavingthedesignareaslightlyraised.Thewoodblockisinked,andtheinkadherestotheraisedimage.Itisthentransferredtodamppapereitherbyhandorwithaprintingpress.
Engraving,whichgrewoutofthegoldsmith"sart,originatedinGermanyandnorthernItalyinthemiddleofthefifteenthcentury.Itisanintaglioprocess(fromItalianintagliare,"tocarve").Theimageisincisedintoahighlypolishedmetalplate,usuallycopper,withacuttinginstrument,orburin.Theartistinkstheplateandwipesitcleansothatsomeinkremainsintheincisedgrooves.Animpressionismadeondamppaperinaprintingpress,withsufficientpressure-beingappliedsothatthepaperpicksuptheink.
Bothwoodcutandengravinghavedistinctivecharacteristics.Engravinglendsitselftosubtlemodelingandshadingthroughtheuseoffinelines.Hatchingandcross-hatchingdeterminethedegreeoflightandshadeinaprint.Woodcutstendtobemorelinear,withsharpercontrastsbetweenlightanddark.Printmakingiswellsuitedtotheproductionofmultipleimages.Asetofmultiplesiscalledanedition.Bothmethodscanyieldseveralhundredgood-qualityprintsbeforetheoriginalblockorplatebeginstoshowsignsofwear.Massproductionofprintsinthesixteenthcenturymadeimagesavailable,atalowercost,toamuchbroaderpublicthanbefore.(分数:
7.50)
(1).Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
(分数:
1.50)
A.Theoriginsoftextiledecoration
B.Thecharacteristicsofgood-qualityprints
C.Twotypes\ofprintmaking
D.Typesofpaperusedinprintmaking
(2).Theword"prime"inline2isclosestinmeaningto______.(分数:
1.50)
A.principal
B.complex
C.general
D.recent
(3).Theauthor"spurposesinparagraph2istodescribe______.(分数:
1.50)
A.thewoodcutsfoundinChinainthefifthcentury
B.theuseofwoodcutsinthetextileindustry
C.theprocessinvolvedincreatingawoodcut
D.theintroductionofwoodcutstoEurope
(4).Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueaboutengravingEXCEPTthatit______.(分数:
1.50)
A.developedfromtheartofthegoldsmiths
B.requiresthatthepaperbecutwithaburin
C.originatedinthefifteenthcentury
D.involvescarvingintoametalplate
(5).Accordingtothepassage,whatdowoodcutandengravinghaveincommon?
(分数:
1.50)
A.Theirdesignsareslightlyraised
B.Theyachievecontrastthroughhatchingandcross-hatching
C.TheywerefirstusedinEurope
D.Theyallowmultiplecopiestobeproducedfromoneoriginal
四、Passage2(总题数:
1,分数:
7.50)
TheFrenchwordrenaissancemeansrebirth.Itwasfirstusedin1855bythehistorianJulesMicheletinhisHistoryofFrance,thenadoptedbyhistoriansofculture,byarthistorians,andeventuallybymusichistorians,allofwhomappliedittoEuropeancultureduringthe150yearsspanning1450-1600.TheconceptofrebirthwasappropriatetothisperiodofEuropeanhistorybecauseoftherenewedinterestinancientGreekandRomanculturethatbeganinItalyandthenspreadthroughoutEurope.ScholarsandartistsofthefifteenthandsixteenthcenturieswantedtorestorethelearningandidealsoftheclassicalcivilizationsofGreeceandRome.Tothesescholarsthismeantareturntohuman—asopposedtospiritual—values.Fulfillmentinlife—asopposedtoconcernaboutanafterlife—becameadesirablegoal,andexpressingtheentirerangeofhumanemotionsandenjoyingthepleasuresofthesenseswerenolongerfrownedon.Artistsandwritersnowturnedtosecularaswellasreligioussubjectmatterandsoughttomaketheirworksunderstandableandappealing.
ThesechangesinoutlookdeeplyaffectedthemusicalcultureoftheRenaissanceperiod—howpeoplethoughtaboutmusicaswellasthewaymusicwascomposed,experienced,discussed,anddisseminated.Theycouldseethearchitecturalmonuments,sculptures,plays,andpoemsthatwerebeingrediscovered,buttheycouldnotactuallyhearancientmusic—althoughtheycouldreadthewritingsofclassicalphilosophers,poets,essayists,andmusictheoriststhatwerebecomingavailableintranslation.Theylearnedaboutthepowerofancientmusictomovethelistenerandwonderedwhymodemmusicdidnothavethesameeffect.Forexample,theinfluentialreligiousleaderBernardinoCirilloexpresseddisappointmentwiththelearnedmusicofhistime.Heurgedmusicianstofollowtheexampleofthesculptors,painters,architects,andscholarswhohadrediscoveredancientartandliterature.
ThemusicalRenaissanceinEuropewasmoreageneralculturalmovementandstateofmindthanaspecificsetofmusicaltechniques.Furthermore,musicchangedsorapidlyduringthiscenturyandahalf-thoughatdifferentratesindifferentcountries—thatwecannotdefineasingleRenaissancestyle.(分数:
7.50)
(1).Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?
(分数:
1.50)
A.ThemusicalcompositionsthatbestillustratethedevelopmentsduringtheEuropeanRenaissance
B.ThemusicaltechniquesthatwereinuseduringtheEuropeanRenaissance
C.TheEuropeanRenaissanceasaculturaldevelopmentthatincludedchangesinmusicalstyle
D.TheancientGreekandRomanmusicalpracticesusedduringtheEuropeanRenaissance
(2).ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthinkersoftheRenaissancewereseekingarebirthof______.(分数:
1.50)
A.communicationamongartistsacrossEurope
B.spiritualityineverydaylife
C.aculturalemphasisonhumanvalues
D.religiousthemesinartthatwouldaccompanythetraditionalsecularthemes
(3).Accordingtothepassage,RenaissanceartistsandwritershadallofthefollowingintentionsEXCEPT______.(分数:
1.50)
A.usingreligiousthemes
B.portrayingonlythepleasantpartsofhumanexperience
C.producingartthatpeoplewouldfindattractive
D.creatingworksthatwereeasilyunderstood
(4).Theword"disseminated"inline16isclosestinmeaningto"______".(分数:
1.50)
A.played
B.documented
C.spread
D.analyzed
(5).WhichofthefollowingismentionedinthepassageasareasonfortheabsenceofasingleRenaissancemusicalstyle?
(分数:
1.50)
A.ThemusicalRenaissancewasdefinedbytechniqueratherthanstyle
B.ThemusicalRenaissancewastooshorttogiverisetoanewmusicalstyle
C.RenaissancemusiciansadoptedthestylesofbothGreekandRomanmusicians
D.DuringtheRenaissance,musicneverremainedthesameforverylong
五、Passage3(总题数:
1,分数:
7.50)
Theenergycontainedinrockwithintheearth"scrustrepresentsanearlyunlimitedenergysource,butuntilrecentlycommercialretrievalhasbeenlimitedtoundergroundhotwaterand/orsteamrecoverysystems.Thesesystemshavebeendevelopedinareasofrecentvolcanicactivity,wherehighratesofheatflowcausevisibleeruptionofwaterintheformofgeysersandhotsprings.Inotherareas,however,hotrockalsoexistsnearthesurfacebutthereisinsufficientwaterpresenttoproduceeruptivephenomena.Thusapotentialhotdryrock(HDR)reservoirexistswhenevertheamountofspontaneouslyproducedgeothermalfluidhasbeenjudgedinadequateforexistingcommercialsystems.
Asaresultofrecentenergycrisis,newconceptsforcreatingHDRrecoverysystems—whichinvolvedrillingholesandconnectingthemtoartificialreservoirsplaceddeepwithinthecrest—arebeingdeveloped.InallattemptstoretrieveenergyfromHDRs,artificialstimulationwillberequiredtocreateeithersufficientpermeabilityorboundedflowpathstofacilitatetheremovalofheatbycirculationofafluidoverthesurfaceoftherock.
TheHDRresourcebaseisgenerallydefinedtoincludecrustalrockthatishotterthan150℃,isatdepthslessthantenkilometers,andcanbedrilledwithpresentlyavailableequipment.Althoughwellsdeeperthantenkilometersaretechnicallyfeasible,prevailingeconomicfactorswillobviouslydeterminethecommercialfeasibilityofwellsatsuchdepths.Rocktemperaturesaslowas100℃maybeusefulforspaceheating;however,forproducingelectricity,temperaturesgreaterthan200℃aredesirable.Thegeothermalgradient,whichspecificallydeterminesthedepthofdrillingrequiredtoreachadesiredtemperature,isamajorfactorintherecoverabilityofgeothermalresources.Temperaturegradientmapsgeneratedfromoilandgaswelltemperature-depthrecordskeptbytheAmericanAssociationofPetroleumGeologistssuggestthattappablehigh-temperaturegradientsaredistributedallacrosstheUnitedStates.(Therearemanyareas,however,forwhichnotemperaturegradientrecordsexist.)
IndicationsarethattheHDRresourcebaseisverylarge.Ifanaveragegeothermaltemperaturegradientof22℃perkilometerofdepthisused,astaggering13,000,000quadrillionB.T.U."softotalenergyarecalculatedtobecontainedincrustalrocktoaten-kilometerdepthintheUnitedStates.Ifweconservativelyestimatethatonlyabout0.2percentisrecoverable,wefindatotalofallthecoalremainingin
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