轮胎工艺英语.docx
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轮胎工艺英语.docx
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轮胎工艺英语
Tire Manufacturing Process
Tires are not just round and black they are sophisticated products
that can take years of research and development to produce. If you
have ever wondered how tires are made, the following is a roadmap for
the construction of a radial tire:
Start with Rubber and Additives
Tire construction starts when raw chemical additives such as sulfur,
carbon black and solvents are combined with natural and synthetic
rubber. The process takes place in a large machine called a banbury.
In addition to mixing and grinding, the banbury heats the rubber to
make it workable in preparation for further applications. The raw
product emerges in the form of long, flat bands of rubber, which are
then worked in rolling mills.
Six Main Components
It takes several machines to shape the rubber into the individual
components of the tire:
tread, ply, belts, beads, sidewalls, and
innerliner.
∙The tread rubber is extruded through a tuber, then measured,
cooled and cut into precise lengths.
∙Sidewalls are also extruded through tubers, along with the
white rubber for a white sidewall or white lettered tire if
required.
∙The ply is produced in a calender mill, which combines thin
sheets of rubber with nylon or polyester cord fabrics. The
large sheets are cut to width, rolled and transported to the
assembly area where all the components will come together.
∙At the same time as the raw rubber is transformed into the
tread and plies, the creel room equips the tire with its basic
strength. Fine steel wire goes into the manufacture of belts
for the steel-belted radial tire. Rubber from the mills and
steel from the creel room are molded together into wide flat
sheets, cut on the bias, rolled, and moved to the tire-building
machine.
∙The innerliner is a impermeable layer of rubber on the inside
of a tire which creates a airtight chamber when fitted to the
vehicle wheel. This layer eliminates the need for a innertube.
∙The last major component of the tire is the bead. The beads are
created out of wrapped steel wire, covered with rubber and
formed into hoops. The bead anchors the fabric plies of the
tire and seats the tire firmly on the wheel.
The Green Tire
The six components (tread, ply, belts, sidewalls, liner and beads)
come together on the tire-building machine. These six components are
assembled into what is known as an uncured, or green, tire in two
stages.
∙The carcass of the tire, including beads, plies, sidewalls and
liner, is constructed on one side of the machine.
∙The tread and the underlying belts are assembled next to the
carcass on the other side of the machine.
The two subassemblies are then joined together and the result is a
green tire.
Vulcanization
The next phase is vulcanization, the molecular transformation of the
soft, gummy green tire into the tough, and longwearing, modern
passenger tire. The green tire is placed in a curing mold and is
subjected to intense pressure and high heat internally and externally
for a specified period of time. Simultaneously, the tread pattern is
imprinted onto the rubber. When it comes from the mold, the tire is
ready for final finish and inspection.
Final Finish and Inspection
For showroom quality, any excess rubber is trimmed off the cured tire.
Every tire is thoroughly inspected. The tire then undergoes various
uniformity checks to assess ride and comfort quality. Once the tires
have passed all the checks and inspections, they are sent to the
distribution warehouse for shipment.
91WTire Size
How To Read Tire Sidewall
P205/55R16
Example:
P205/55R16 91W
PP identifies your tire as a Passenger Tire. The P stands
for PMetric. If your tire size starts with LT rather than
a P than it identifies the tire as a light truck tire.
205205 identifies the tire section width, which is the
measurement of the tire from sidewall to sidewall in
millimeters. This measurement varies depending on the rim
to which it is fitted.
(There are 25.4 millimeters per 1 inch.)
5555 is the two-figure aspect ratio. This percentage
compares the tire's section height with the tire's section
width. For example, this aspect ratio of 55 means that the
tire's section height is 55% of the tire's section width.
RR indicates the construction used within the tire's
casing. R stands for radial construction. B means belted
bias and D stands for diagonal bias construction.
1616 The last dimension listed in the size is the diameter
of the wheel rim which is most often measured in inches.
Load Index and Speed Rating
91W91W The load index and speed rating, or service
description are the numbers that follow the tire size.
The load index tells you how much weight the tire can
support when properly inflated. Load indices range from 74
- 150 for passenger tires with each numeric value
corresponding to a certain carrying capacity. The carrying
capacity for each value can be found on a load index
chart. On each U.S. passenger car tire, the load limit is
listed in pounds. European tires have the load limit
listed in kilograms and sometimes pounds.
Speed
Ratings
Speed ratings are represented by letters ranging from A to
Z. Each letter coincides to the maximum speed a tire can
sustain under its recommended load capacity. For instance,
S is equivalent to a max speed of 112 mph. Even though a
tire can perform at this speed, we do not advocate
exceeding legal speed limits.
Speed Symbol Speed(km/h) Speed(mph)
A153
A2106
A3159
A42012
A52516
A63019
A73522
A84025
B5031
C6037
D6540
E7043
F8050
G9050
G9056
J10062
K11068
L12075
M13081
N14087
P15094
Q160100
R170106
S180112
T190118
U200124
H210130
V240149
W270168
Y300186
(Z)300186
DOT Serial Number
The "DOT" symbol certifies the tire manufacturer's compliance with
the U.S. Department of Transportation tire safety standards. Below is
a description of the serial number. Starting with the year 2000, four
numbers are used for the Date of Manufacture, first two numbers
identify the week and the last two numbers identify the year of
manufacture.
Prior to year 2000 three numbers are used for the Date of manufacture,
first two numbers identify the week and the last number identifies
the year of manufacture. To identify tires manufactured in the 90's a
decade symbol (a triangle on its side) is located at the end of the
DOT serial number.
Tire Maintenance Tips
Your tires are the only part of your vehicle that actually touches
the road when you drive. It only takes a couple of minutes of
maintenance each month to keep your tires working at their best.
Check Your Air Pressure Once a Month
Incorrect air pressure is the leading cause of tire damage. To avoid
tire damage you need to check your tire's air pressure once a month.
The correct tire pressure is listed on the vehicle placard & can be
found in the following places:
∙The car's owner manual
∙Inside the gas tank lid
∙On the edge of the driver's side door
∙On the door post
The air pressure listed on the side of your tire is NOT the correct
air pressure for your vehicle. That number is the maximum air
pressure for the tire. Remember to check the air in your spare tire.
Don't get stranded or put out costly towing expenses. Check your air
pressure on your spare regularly. Note:
If you have different rims
than came on your vehicle originally, make sure that the bolts on
your spare tire are the correct fitting.
Failure to keep your tires properly inflated can increase wear and
will have a negative effect on your vehicles handling.
When checking and adjusting tire pressure, the following should be
kept in mind:
∙Check the air pressure when the tire is cold - tires become hot
even after driving just a mile. If you must drive to add air,
check your air pressure before you leave. Air pressure changes
1-2 pounds for every 10 degrees of temperature change. Air
pressure goes up in warm weather and down in cold weather.
∙Tire pressure must be the same on the tires of each axle, but
may be different on the front and rear axle.
∙Valve caps must be tightly closed to protect the valve from
dust and dirt and prevent it from leaking.
∙Replace missing valve caps without delay.
Take this opportunity to inspect your tires to make sure there is
nothing stuck in them or they have no deformities.
Tread Depth
To prevent hydroplaning and skidding your tires must have proper
tread depth. The minimum tread depth is 1/16th of and inch.
Ask anyone, the easiest way to check your tread depth...the penny
test. What is the penny test?
Take a penny and place it in the tread
of your tire. If part of Lincoln's head is covered by the tread your
tires have enough tread. If you can see Lincoln's entire head, you
should buy a new tire.
You should also check your tire tread for uneven wear. Irregular wear
shortens the life of your tires, if you think you have uneven wear
you should take you vehicle to your tire dealer.
Rotation
The best way to prevent uneven wear is to have your tires rotated
every 6,000 - 8,000 miles or as specified in your vehicle's owner
manual.
Potential Tire Troubles
∙Curbs can prove to be big trouble to your tires. Approach curbs
with care, if you drive over them too fast or at the wrong
angle the impact may cause the tire to crack.
∙Avoid potholes or debris in the road when possible.
∙Avoid fast stops & starts.
∙Be sure to check your owner's manual for your vehicles maximum
load. Overloading your vehicle can shorten your tires life.
Replacing Your Tires
You should replace your tires with the same type of tires that came
on your vehicle original equipment. This includes tire size, type and
speed rating.
History of Tires
The Evolution of the Passenger Tire
Dateline 3500 B.C.--Today man invented the greatest invention ever
seen, THE WHEEL!
Thousands
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