English Literature南师大英国文学笔记.docx

English Literature南师大英国文学笔记.docx

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EnglishLiterature南师大英国文学笔记

BriefIntroduction

1.OldEnglishPeriod:

WilliamShakespeare（1564—1616）

2.Restoration,Englishrevolution,thebourgeoisDictatorship（王朝复辟）:

JohnMilton（1608—1674）

3.TheRiseofFiction（小说伊始）:

DanielDefoe（1660—1731）

JonathanSwift（1667—1745）

HenryFielding（1707—1754）

4.Pre-Romanticism:

RobertBurns（1759—1796）

WilliamBlake（1757—1827）

5.Romanticism（1798—1832）:

WilliamWordsworth（1770—1850）

GeorgeGordon,LordByron（1788—1824）

PercyByssheShelley（1792—1822）

JohnKeats（1795—1821）

6.Criticalrealism——【VictorianAge（1832—1901）】:

JaneAusten（1775—1817）批判现实主义作家，但不属于维多利亚时期

CharlesDickens（1812—1870）

WilliamMakepeaceThackeray（1811—1863）

EmilyBronte（1818—1848）

ThomasHardy（1840—1928）维多利亚时期向现实主义过度时期

OscarWilde（1854—1900）

JohnGalsworthy（1867—1933）

GeorgeBernardShaw（1856—1950）批判现实主义但不属于维多利亚时期

7.Modernism:

D.H.Lawrence（1885—1930）

WilliamButlerYeats（1865—1939）

JamesJoyce（1882—1941）

VirginiaWoolf（1882—1941）

WilliamSomersetMaugham（1874—1965）

ThomasStearnsEliot（1888—1965）

JohnBoyntonPriestley（1894—1984）

LouisMacNeice（1907—1963）

OldEnglishPeriod:

WilliamShakespeare

WilliamShakespeare（1564—1616）

★LiteraryAchievements:

·37plays,

·2narrativepoems,

·154sonnets（Sonnets1-126addressedtoayoungman,Sonnets127-152addressedto“DarkLady”,Sonnets153-154addressedtoCupid,theGodofloveinGreekmythology）

★LiteraryPosition:

·“notofanage,butforalltime”,

·thegreatestgiantofEnglishlanguageandpoeticform,

·oneofthefoundersofrealisminworldliterature,

·oneofthegreatestwritersintheworld’sliterature.

▲Sonnet:

1.What’sasonnet?

Apoemin14lines;originatedinItaly,aformverypopularinRenaissanceEurope,especiallyinItaly,FranceandEngland;introducedtoEnglandbyThomasWyatt（怀亚特）andtheEarlofSurrey（塞莱）.

2.Byrhymescheme,sonnetscanbeclassifiedinto2styles:

TheItalianorPetrarchansonnet（意大利型或彼得拉克型）&TheShakespearianorEnglishsonnet（英国或莎士比亚型）

①Thefirsteightlines—octave:

thethemeisputforwardoraquestionisraised;thenextsixlines—sestet,theanswertothetheme【abbaabbacdcdcd（cdecde）】

②Threequatrains（四行诗）—thethemeisputforwardanddeveloped;thecouplet（两行诗）—asurprisingconclusionorashiftofideas【ababcdcdefefgg】

▲Plays（4periods）

1.Firstperiod（1592-1594）:

Hisapprenticeshipinplays.

Historicalplays:

KingHenryVI《亨利六世》,RichardⅢ《查理三世》

Comedies:

Love’sLabour’sLost《爱的徒劳》

2.Secondperiod（1595-1600）:

Matureperiod,amarkedincreaseintheknowledgeofhumanism

（4大喜剧）:

AMidsummerNight’sDream

TheMerchantofVenice

AsYouLikeIt,TwelfthNight

RomeoandJuliet

3.Thirdperiod（1601-1608）:

Flourishingperiod,aperiodofgloomyanddepression

（4大悲剧）:

Hamlet

Othello

KingLear

Macbeth

4.Fourthperiod（1608-1612）:

Theperiodofromanticdramaintheformoftragicomedies

Reconciliationplays:

TheWinter’sTale《冬天的童话》,TheTempest

TheMerchantofVenice

—WilliamShakespeare

1.ThecharacterofShylock:

Stone-heartedandpitiless;

Inhuman;

Stubborn;

Malicious;

Revengeful;

Eloquent,quick-mindedandflexible;

Religiouspious

2.Themeoftheplay:

·topraisethefriendshipbetweenAntonioandBassanio,

·toidealizePortiaasaheroineofgreatbeauty,witandloyalty,

·toeulogizethetriumphoffriendshipandloveovergreedandavarice,goodoverevil,humanityoverinhumanity,commercialcapitalismoverthefeudalpracticeofusury,

·asatireontheChristianhypocrisyandtheirfalsestandardsoffriendshipandlove,theircunningwaysofpursuingworldlinessandtheirunreasoningprejudiceagainsttheJews.

Restoration,Englishrevolution,thebourgeoisDictatorship（王朝复辟）

JohnMilton

★Historicalbackground

1.TheEnglishrevolutionandtheRestoration.

·Causes:

theconflictbetweenthemonarchandParliament;thepersecutionofthePuritans

2.ThebourgeoisDictatorshipandtheRestoration

·GloriousRevolution—abloodlessrevolution

·Theconstitutionalmonarchy.

JohnMilton（1608—1674）

★LiteraryAchievements

▲Pamphlets

·TheDefenseoftheEnglishPeople（1650）

·TheSecondDefenseoftheEnglishPeople（1650）

▲Poems

·ParadiseLost《失乐园》（1667）:

hismasterpiece——ThegreatestepicinEnglishliterature.

·ParadiseRegained（1671）《复乐园》

·SamsonAgonistes（1671）《力士参孙》

★LiteraryPosition

·AmasteroftheBlankverse

·ThegreatestEnglishrevolutionarypoetofthe17thcentury

·OneofthegreatestpoetsoftheEnglishlanguage

ParadiseLost

—JohnMilton

1.Introduction

·Longepicin12books

·Writteninblankverse

·BasedonGenesis《创世纪》intheOldTestament

·DramatizestheBiblicalaccountofhumanity’sbanishment.

2.Theme

—Milton’saimedpurpose:

“justifythewaysofGodtoman”（昭示天道对人的公正）

—Realpurpose:

challengetherestoredmonarch

·God—tyrannical,representstheking

·Satan—rebellingagainstmonarch

·LovebetweenAdamandEve—humanpursuitforhappiness,thespiritofRenaissance

3.Writingfeatures

—Miltonstyle:

Sonority洪亮,Eloquence雄辩,Majesty尊严,Grandeur壮美

·Theblankverse

·Longandinvolvedsentences

—Latinatestyle

·Inversion

·Allusion

TheRiseofFiction

DanielDefoe（1660-1731）

JonathanSwift（1667-1745）

HenryFielding（1707-1754）

※Fiction

Themainstreamof18thcenturyliterature,&Theriseandgrowthofrealisticnovel—themostprominentachievementof18thcenturyEnglishliterature

DanielDefoe（1660-1731）:

Fatherofmodernjournalism,&“jack-of-all-traders”

★LiteraryAchievements:

——RobinsonCrusoe（1719）

·Defoe’smasterpiece

·ThefirstEnglishnovelinarealsense

·ThefirstEnglishrealisticnovel

RobinsonCrusoe

—DanielDefoe

1.Theme:

—tosingthepraisesofhumanlabor

—tocelebratethestrengthofhumanrationalwilltoconquerthenaturalenvironment

—tobeautifycolonialism&Negroslavery

2.Plot:

runawayfromhome→becomeasailor→aplanterinBrazil→toanuninhabitedislandbecauseofshipwreck→madealivingthereallbyhimself→saveanegronamedFridaywhobecamehisservant→backtoEngland→visittheremoteislandagainandFridaywaskilled

3.RobinsonCrusoe’scharacterization:

typicaloftherisingEnglishbourgeoisclass,practical,diligent,arestlesscuriositytoknowmoreabouttheworldandadesiretoproveindividualpowerinthefaceofsocialandnaturalchallenges;shrewd,careaboutmoneyandgoodatmanaging;courageousandintelligenttoovercomeallkindsofobstacles

4.Style:

journalistictruthwithmanyvividdetails,simpleandplainsentencestructureandlanguage,firstpersonpointofview,naturalorderinnarration,makingthestoryintimatetothereadersandbecomepopularamonglowerclasses

JonathanSwift（1667-1745）

★LiteraryAchievements

▲Books

·TheBattleofBooks《书籍之战》

·ATaleofTub《一个桶子的故事》

·Guliver’sTravels《格列佛游记》

——hismasterpiece:

asatireonthewholeEnglishsocietyofthe18thcentury.

▲Pamphlets

·TheDraper’sLetters《一个布商的书信》

·AModestProposal《一个温和的建议》

——（AModestProposalforPreventingtheChildrenofPoorPeopleinIrelandfromBeingaBurdentoTheirParents）

Guliver’sTravels

—JonathanSwift

1.Plot:

PartI:

AVoyagetoLilliput

PartII:

AVoyagetoBrobdingnag

PartIII:

AVoyagetoLaputa,Balnibarbi,Glubbdubdrib,LuggnaggandJapan

PartIV:

AVoyagetotheCountryoftheHouyhnhnms

2.Whataretheimpliedideastheauthortriedtoconveybythischapter?

TheauthorbelievedReasonwasveryimportantforhumanbeing.Ifhuman’sdesiresaren’tcontrolledbyreason,humanwillbecomedisgustinglikeyahoosonedayinthefuture.

3.StyleofSwift’sprose:

Hisprosestyleissimple,clearandvigorous.Hisfamoussaying“Properwordsinproperplaces,makesthetruedefinitionofastyle”influencedalotlaterwriters.

HenryFielding（1707-1754）

★LiteraryAchievements

·JosephAndrews《约瑟夫安德鲁斯》

—Fielding’sfirstnovel

—Parody（satiricalimitation）ofRichardson’sPamela《帕米拉》/《贞洁得报》

—Acomicepicpoeminprose

·JonathanWildtheGreat《大伟人江奈生魏尔德传》

·TheHistoryofTomJones,AFounding《弃儿汤姆琼斯》

·Amelia《阿米利亚》

★LiteraryPosition

·ThefatherofEnglishnovel

—ThefounderofEnglishrealisticnovel-settingupthetheoryofrealisminliteraryposition.

—Establishingonceforalltheformofthemodernnovel.

★WritingFeatures

·Third-personnarration第三人称叙述

·Satire

·Humanportraits&dialogue

·Theeducationalfunctionofthenovel

—Thepurposeofthenovelisnotonlytoamuse,butalsotoinstruct.

※Parody

Writing,music,artsomethingsaid,etc,whichintentionallycopiesthestyleofsomeonefamousorcopiesaparticularsituation,makingthefeaturesorqualitiesoftheoriginalmorenoticeableinawaythatishumorous.为嘲弄某作者或某作品而作成的模仿滑稽作品

TheHistoryofTomJones,AFounding

—HenryFielding

·Fielding’smasterpiece,showingthewholelifeof18thcenturyEnglandasshesawit.

·18booksdividedinto3partswith6ineach.

·Country-versus-citymotif

—thecountryside:

thebasicgoodnessofhumanrace

—thecity:

evilandsin

·Anallegorical（寓言的）novel

The18thCentury（1688-1798）

★HistoricalBackground

1.Comparativelypeacefuldevelopmentundertheconstitutionalmonarchy

·AcompromisebetweenToryandWhig

·TheleadingnavelpowerinEurope

2.TheIndustrialRevolution工业革命

·Unprecedentedtechnicalinnovations

·Rapidgrowthofindustryandcommerce

★TheEnlightenment

1.AnintellectualmovementinEuropebeganinthelate17thand18thcenturiesandendedwiththeFrenchrevolutionof1789

—OriginatedinFrance,representedbyMontesquieu,Voltaire,Diderot,Rousseau

—AnexpressionofstruggleofbourgeoisieagainstFeudalism

2.Theinfluenceofscienceandphilosophy

—Newton’sdiscoveryofuniversal