英美文学shajiji版.docx
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英美文学shajiji版.docx
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英美文学shajiji版
EarlyandMedievalEnglishLiterature
PartOneSomeHistoricalFacts★
vI.Theearliestinhabitants:
Britons(atribeofCelts)
vBritain:
“thelandofBritons”
v☺Now,theThreeFamousConquests:
vTheRomanConquest(55BC-410AD)
vTheAnglo-SaxonConquest(449-1066)
vTheNormanConquest(1066-1485)
II.TheRomanConquest(55BC-410AD)
v1.BritainwasinvadedbytheRomansundertheleadershipofJuliusCaesarin55BC,andwascompletelysubjugatedtotheRomanEmpirein78A.D.
v2.RomanmodeoflifecameacrosstoBritain:
vtheaters;bathsconquerors
nativeBritonsslaves
ChristianitywasintroducedtoBritain.
v3.RomanEmpirebegantodeclineatthebeginningof5C.
vIn410A.D.alltheRomantroopswentbacktothecontinentandneverreturned.
III.TheAnglo-SaxonConquest(449-1066)★
vIn449A.D.,BritainwasinvadedbythreeGermanictribesfromtheNortheastofEurope:
vAngles(盎格鲁人)Saxons(撒克逊人)Jutes(朱特人)
Anglesintheeast;Jutesinthesoutheast;Saxonsinthesouth
1.InfluencesofthisConquest★
va.Inthe7thcentury,sevenkingdoms→aunitedkingdom:
“England”(“thelandofAngles”),withAnglesbeingthemostnumerous.
vb.Thetribalsociety→feudalism(“kingship”)
vc.Thethreedialects→aunitedlanguage:
“Anglo-Saxon”(“OldEnglish”),
vwhichisthefoundationofEnglishlanguageandliterature.
vThehistoryofBritishliteraturebegan.
IV.TheNormanConquest(1066-1485)★
vFrench-speakingNormans,undertheleadershipofDukeWilliam(WilliamtheConqueror)camein1066.
vAfterdefeatingtheEnglishatHastings,WilliamwascrownedastheKingofEngland.
vTheNormanConquestmarkstheestablishmentoffeudalisminEngland.
v1.TheconquestalsogreatlyinfluencedtheEnglishlanguage.
vNormans:
master;spokeFrench;wroteinLatinandFrench
vSaxons:
servant;spokeOldEnglish;nowrittenliterature.
v2.IntheAnglo-Normanperiod,theprominentkindofliterature,Romances,wereatfirstallinFrench.
v3.Attheendofthe14thcentury,Englishbecamedominantoncemore.
Summary★
vTheMedievalTimesarebetweenthecollapseofRomanEmpire(476AD)andtheRenaissance(14-16C).
vCanberoughlydividedintotwoperiods:
v1.Anglo-SaxonPeriod:
(TheOldEnglish)
v2.Anglo-NormanPeriod(MiddleEnglish)
PartTwoAnglo-SaxonLiterature
v1.Thereweretwoliterarydivisions:
★
vpagan
vreligious.
v2.Themainliteraryforms:
verse&prose:
vTheAnglo-Saxonliteratureisinitiallyalmostaverseliteratureinoralform.Itwasinthe8thcenturythatAnglo-Saxonproseappeared.
I.Anglo-SaxonPoetry★
v1.PaganPoetry(世俗诗)
vAlsocalledsecularpoetry,itdoesnotcontainanyspecificChristiandoctrine.ItwasrepresentedbyBeowulf(贝奥武甫).
v2.ReligiousPoetry(宗教诗)
vAlsocalledChristianpoetry,itismainlyonbiblicalstoriesandsaints’lives.ButsometimesthereisamixtureofChristianandpaganideas.ItisrepresentedbyCaedmon(凯德蒙)andCynewulf(塞内武甫)
1.Beowulf:
TheGreatestEnglishepic★★★
b.Beowulf:
theEnglishepic★
vThegreatestOldEnglishpoem,consistingof3182linesandisthefirstEnglishepic.
vThenameofitsauthorisunknown.Itwasoriginallyinanoralform,sungbytheminstrelsattheendofthe6thcentury.Itwaswrittendowninthe10thcenturyorattheendoftheninthcentury.Themanuscriptwasdiscoveredin1705.
c.PoeticFeaturesof“Beowulf”★★★
vi.Theuseofalliteration(头韵)isoneofitsmoststrikingfeatures.
vInalliterativeverse,certainstressedoraccentedwordsinalinebeginwiththesameconsonant.Thereare4stressesinalinegenerally,threeortwoofwhichshowalliteration.
d.Significanceof“Beowulf”★★★
vHistoricalsignificanceinliterature:
thelongest&greatestepicleftbytheancientGermanictribes,andprobablythemostancienteversincethedemiseoftheGreekandRomanliteratures.
vSocialsignificance:
Thewholepoempresentsusanall-roundpictureofthetribalsocietywithmanyfeudalelementsandsomeChristiancoloring,andageneralknowledgeofitssocialconditionsandcustoms.
2.TheReligiousPoetry★
vThereligiouspoetryisalsocalledChristianpoetry.Itismainlyonbiblicalstoriesandsaints’lives.ButsometimesthereisamixtureofChristianandpaganideasinthesepoems.
vItisrepresentedbyCaedmon(凯德蒙)andCynewulf(塞内武甫).
a.Caedmon(610-680)★
vCaedmonisthefirstknown(religious)poetofEngland.HeisknownasthefatherofEnglishsong.
vHisfirstpoemiscalledTheHymnofPraise(赞美诗).Lateron,Caedmoncomposedmanyotherpoemsbyusingthebiblicalmaterials.
vHislifestoryisvividlydescribedinBede’sTheEcclesiasticalHistoryoftheEnglishPeople(《英格兰人教会史》).
b.Cynewulf(early9thCentury)★
vExcepttheunknowncomposerofBeowulf,CynewulfisregardedasthegreatestAnglo-Saxonpoet.
vOfhislifeweknowverylittle.Hewasprobablyanecclesiasticandascholar.Hisnameremainedunknownuntil1840.
vHeproducedfourpoems:
Christ,Juliana,TheFatesoftheApostles,andElene,inwhichadeeploveforChristandreverenceforVirginMaryareexpressed.
II.Anglo-SaxonProse★
vProseliteraturedidnotshowitsappearanceuntilthe8thcentury.
vThereweretwofamousprosewriters:
vVenerableBede(比德)AlfredtheGreat(阿尔弗烈德大王)
a.VenerableBede(673-735)★
vThemostimportantofhisworksisTheEcclesiasticalHistoryoftheEnglishPeople(英格兰人教会史).
vThebooknotonlytellsushowChristianitywasintroducedandspreadinEngland,butalsorecountssomehistoricaleventsofthatperiodandAnglo-Saxonmythologicallegends.
PartThreeMedievalLiterature
v1066,theyearoftheNormanConquest,marksthebeginningofAnglo-Normanperiod(1066-1400).★
vCa.1200:
thebeginningoftheMiddleEnglishLiterature.★
I.Romance
vRomance(骑士文学),mostlyinFrench,isthedominantkindofliteratureintheAnglo-Normanperiod.★
2.RomanceCycles(组诗)
vTheromancesfallintothreecyclesorthreegroups:
★
va.the“MattersofRome”
vb.the“MattersofFrance”
vc.the“MattersofBritain”
c.TheMattersofBritain★
vThisCyclemainlydealswiththeexploitsofKingArthurandhisKnightsoftheRoundTable.
vSirGawainandtheGreenKnightistheculminationoftheArthurianromances.
III.TranslationoftheBible★
v1.JohnWycliffe(1320-1384),thefirstattempttotranslatetheLatinversionoftheBibleintoMiddleEnglish.
vKingJames’version(theAuthorizedVersion)(1611)
TheAgeofGeoffreyChaucer(1343---1400)
GeoffreyChaucer杰弗里·乔叟★
FatherofEnglishpoetry
FounderofEnglishrealism
ThefirstgreatpoetwritinginMiddleEnglish
II.LiteraryCareer
v1.TheFrenchperiod
v2.TheItalianperiod
v3.TheEnglishperiod
1.TheFrenchperiod(1360-1372)
vConnectionwiththecourt,
vLoveofFrenchpoets,
vWroteundertheinfluenceofFrenchliterature,
vChieflytranslatedfromtheFrenchworks,suchasRomandelaRose(TheRomanceoftheRose)《玫瑰传奇》★.
2.TheItalianperiod(1372—1386)
vThediplomaticmissionthatsentChaucertoItalyin1372wasamilestoneinhisliterarydevelopment.★
vHehaddirectcontactwiththeItalianRenaissance.PerhapsheacquiredmanuscriptsofworksbyDante,Patriarch,andBoccaccio.
vUndertheinfluenceofItalianliterature,hewroteworkssuchasTroilusandCriseide.
3.TheEnglishperiod(1386--1400)
vThethirdperiodcoversthelastfifteenyearsofthepoet’slife.
vNow,Chaucerstoppedbeingmereinterpreterofotherpoetsandproducedhisownworksfullofmaturity.
vHecreatedTheCanterburyTalesinhisnativelanguage★.
III.MainWorks★
v1.TheRomanceoftheRose《玫瑰传奇》(translationfromFrench)
v
v2.TheHouseofFame《声誉殿堂》(1379-1384)
v3.TroilusandCriseide《特罗伊拉斯和克莱西德》
v4.TheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》
IV.Chaucer’sContributionstoLiterature★★★
va.ChaucermadetheLondondialectthestandardformodernEnglishlanguage,andwasthefirsttowriteinEnglish.Insodoing,establishedEnglishastheliterarylanguageofthecountry.
vb.Heintroduced(fromFranceandItaly)therhymedstanzaofvarioustypes,esp.heroiccouplet,totaketheplaceoftheoldalliterativeverse.
vc.HisworksgiveacomprehensivepictureofChaucer’stime;Forhistrue-to-lifedepictions,ChaucerisgenerallyregardedastheforerunnerofEnglishrealism.
vd.Chaucer’sgentlesatireandmildironymadehimapioneeringEnglishhumoristwriter.
Thefourfeetproducedifferenteffects
3.Themeterofaline★★
vThemeterofaline(诗行的韵律)notonlyincludesthepredominantfootoftheline,butalsothenumberoffeetthatitcontains.
iambicpentameter(抑扬格五<音>步)★★
vIambicpentameteristhemostcommonmeterinEnglishpoetry.
v“pentameter”(五音步):
indicatesthatalinehasfiveiambic“feet”,i.e.
5.heroiccouplet(英雄诗体,英雄双韵句)★★
varhymedcouplet(押韵对句):
apairofrhyminglinesiniambicpentameter,
vi.e.twolinesofpoetrywhichendwiththesamesoundandthathavecontaintensyllablesandfivestressesineachline
vHeroiccoupletreferstopoemsconstructedfromasequenceofrhymingpairsofiambicpentameterlines.
7.Blankverse(无韵诗/素体诗)★★
vBlankverse(无韵诗):
Alsocalledunrhymedpoetrytypicallyiniambicpentameter—hencetheterm“blank”.Shakespeare’sSonnetandMilton’sLostParadisearebothblankverse.
vItwasintroducedintoBritainbythepoetHenryHoward,EarlofSurrey(萨里爵士),whofirstuseditinhistranslationofAeneid,bytheRomanpoetVirgil.
vMostclosetonaturalrhythmsofEnglishspeech,ithasbeenthedominantverseformofEnglishdramaandnarrativepoetrysincethemid-sixteenthcentury.
TheEnglishRenaissance(late15thC.–middle17thC.)
Par
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