教材文本语料库M5.docx
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教材文本语料库M5.docx
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教材文本语料库M5
JOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”(M5U1Reading)
JohnSnowwasafamousdoctorinLondon–soexpert,indeed,thatheattendedQueenVictoriaasherpersonalphysician.Buthebecameinspiredwhenhethoughtabouthelpingordinarypeople
exposedtocholera.Thiswasthedeadlydiseaseofitsday.Neitheritscausenoritscurewasunderstood.Somanythousandsofterrifiedpeoplediedeverytimetherewasanoutbreak.JohnSnowwantedtofacethechallengeandsolvethisproblem.Heknewthatcholerawouldneverbecontrolleduntilitscausewasfound.
Hebecameinterestedintwotheoriesthatpossiblyexplainedhowcholerakilledpeople.Thefirstsuggestedthatcholeramultipliedintheair.Acloudofdangerousgasfloatedarounduntilitfounditsvictims.Thesecondsuggestedthatpeopleabsorbedthisdiseaseintotheirbodieswiththeirmeals.Fromthestomachthediseasequicklyattackedthebodyandsoontheaffectedpersondied.
JohnSnowsuspectedthatthesecondtheorywascorrectbutheneededevidence.SowhenanotheroutbreakhitLondonin1854,hewasreadytobeginhisenquiry.Asthediseasespreadquicklythroughpoorneighbourhoods,hebegantogatherinformation.Intwoparticularstreets,thecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.Hewasdeterminedtofindoutwhy.
Firsthemarkedonamaptheexactplaceswhereallthedeadpeoplehadlived.Thisgavehimavaluableclueaboutthecauseofthedisease.ManyofthedeathswerenearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet(especiallynumbers16,37,38and40).Healsonoticedthatsomehouses(suchas20and21BroadStreetand8and9CambridgeStreet)hadhadnodeaths.Hehadnotforeseenthis,sohemadefurtherinvestigations.Hediscoveredthatthesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.Theyhadbeengivenfreebeerandsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.Itseemedthat
thewaterwastoblame.
Next,JohnSnowlookedintothesourceofthewaterforthesetwostreets.HefoundthatitcamefromtheriverpollutedbythedirtywaterfromLondon.HeimmediatelytoldtheastonishedpeopleinBroadStreettoremovethehandlefromthepumpsothatitcouldnotbeused.Soonafterwardsthediseasesloweddown.Hehadshownthatcholerawasspreadbygermsandnotinacloudofgas.
InanotherpartofLondon,hefoundsupportingevidencefromtwootherdeathsthatwerelinkedtotheBroadStreetoutbreak.Awoman,whohadmovedawayfromBroadStreet,likedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.Bothsheandherdaughterdiedofcholeraafterdrinkingthewater.WiththisextraevidenceJohnSnowwasabletoannouncewithcertaintythatpollutedwatercarriedthevirus.
Topreventthisfromhappeningagain,JohnSnowsuggestedthatthesourceofallthewatersuppliesbeexamined.Thewatercompanieswereinstructednottoexposepeopletopollutedwateranymore.Finally“KingCholera”wasdefeated.
COPERNICUS’REVOLUTIONARYTHEORY(M5U1UsingLanguage)
NicolausCopernicuswasfrightenedandhismindwasconfused.Althoughhehadtriedtoignorethem,allhismathematicalcalculationsledtothesameconclusion:
thattheearthwasnotthecentreofthesolarsystem.Onlyifyouputthesuntheredidthemovementsoftheotherplanetsintheskymakesense.YethecouldnottellanyoneabouthistheoryasthepowerfulChristianChurchwouldhavepunishedhimforevensuggestingsuchanidea.TheybelievedGodhadmadetheworldand
forthatreasontheearthwasspecialandmustbethecentreofthesolarsystem.
Theproblemarosebecauseastronomershadnoticedthatsomeplanetsintheskyseemedtostop,movebackwardandthengoforwardinaloop.Othersappearedbrighterattimesandlessbrightatothers.Thiswasverystrangeiftheearthwasthecentreofthesolarsystemandallplanetswentroundit.
Copernicushadthoughtlongandhardabouttheseproblemsandtriedtofindananswer.Hehadcollectedobservationsofthestarsandusedallhismathematicalknowledgetoexplainthem.Butonlyhisnewtheorycoulddothat.Sobetween1510and1514heworkedonit,graduallyimprovinghistheoryuntilhefeltitwascomplete.
In1514heshoweditprivatelytohisfriends.Thechangeshemadetotheoldtheorywererevolutionary.Heplacedafixedsunatthecentreofthesolarsystemwiththeplanetsgoingrounditandonlythemoonstillgoingroundtheearth.Healsosuggestedthattheearthwasspinningasitwentroundthesunandthisexplainedchangesinthemovementoftheplanetsandinthebrightnessofthestars.Hisfriendswereenthusiasticandencouragedhimtopublishhisideas,butCopernicuswascautious.HedidnotwanttobeattackedbytheChristianChurch,soheonlypublisheditashelaydyingin1543.
Certainlyhewasrighttobecareful.TheChristianChurchrejectedhistheory,sayingitwasagainstGod’sideaandpeoplewhosupporteditwouldbeattacked.YetCopernicus’theoryisnowthebasisonwhichallourideasoftheuniversearebuilt.HistheoryreplacedtheChristianideaofgravity,whichsaidthingsfelltoearthbecauseGodcreatedtheearthasthecentreoftheuniverse.Copernicusshowedthiswasobviouslywrong.NowpeoplecanseethatthereisadirectlinkbetweenhistheoryandtheworkofIsaacNewton,AlbertEinsteinandStephenHawking.
FINDINGTHESOLUTION(M5U1Readingtask)
Doyoulikepuzzles?
Eulerdid.Didyousolvetheoneyouheardforthelisteningtask?
No!
Well,don’tworry,Eulerdidn’teither!
Ashelovedmathematicalpuzzles,hewantedtoknowwhythisonewouldn’twork.SohewalkedaroundthetownandoverthebridgesofKönigsbergseveraltimes.Tohissurprise,hefoundthathecouldcrosssixofthebridgeswithoutgoingoveranyofthemtwiceorgoingbackonhimself(seeFig3),buthecouldn’tcrossallseven.Hejusthadtoknowwhy.Sohedecidedtolookattheproblemanotherway.
Hedrewhimselfapictureofthetownandthesevenbridgesliketheoneabove.Hemarkedthelandandthebridges.Thenheputadotorpointintothecentreofeachoftheareasofland.Hejoinedthesepointstogetherusingcurvedlinestogooverthebridges(seeFig1).Henoticedthatsomepointshadthreelinesgoingtothem(A,BandC)andonehadfive(D).Hewonderedifthiswasimportantandwhythepuzzlewouldnotwork.Asthreeandfiveareoddnumbershecalledthem“odd”points.Tomakethepuzzleclearerhetookawaythebridgestoseethepatternmoreclearly(seeFig2).
Hewonderedwhetherthepuzzlewouldworkifhetookonebridgeaway(asinFig3).Thistimethediagramwassimpler(asinFig4).HecountedthelinesgoingtopointsA,B,CandD.Thistimetheyweredifferent.Twoofthemhadevennumbersoflines(BhadtwoandDhadfour).TwoandfourarebothevennumberssoEulercalledthem“even”points.TwopointsinFig4hadanoddnumberoflinesgoingtothem(AandCbothhadthree)andsohecalledthem“odd”points.
UsingthisnewdiagramEulerstartedatpointA,wentalongthestraightlinetoBandthentoC.ThenhefollowedthecurvedlinethroughDandbacktoA.FinallyhefollowedtheothercurvedlinefromAbackthroughDtoCwherehefinishedthepattern.Thistimeitworked.Hehadbeenabletogooverthefigurevisitingeachpointbutnotgoingoveranylinetwiceorliftinghispencilfromthepage.Eulerbecameveryexcited.Nowheknewthatthenumberofoddpointswasthekeytothepuzzle.However,youstillneededsomeevenpointsinyourfigureifyouwantedittowork.SoEulerlookedforageneralrule:
Ifafigurehasmorethantwooddpoints,youcannotgooveritwithoutliftingyourpencilfromthepageorgoingoveralinetwice.
Quicklyhewenttohistextbookstofindsomemorefigures.Helookedatthefourdiagramsshownbelowandfoundthatwhenheusedhisrule,hecouldtellifhecouldgooverthewholefigurewithouttakinghispencilfromthepaper.Hewasoverjoyed.Hedidnotknowitbuthislittlepuzzlehadstartedawholenewbranchofmathematicscalled“topology”.Inhishonourthispuzzleiscalled“findingtheEulerpath”.
PUZZLESINGEOGRAPHY(M5U2Reading)
Peoplemaywonderwhydifferentwordsareusedtodescribethesefourcountries:
England,Wales,ScotlandandNorthernIreland.YoucanclarifythisquestionifyoustudyBritishhistory.
FirsttherewasEngland.Waleswaslinkedtoitinthethirteenthcentury.NowwhenpeoplerefertoEnglandyoufindWalesincludedaswell.NextEnglandandWaleswerejoinedtoScotlandintheseventeenthcenturyandthenamewaschangedto“GreatBritain”.HappilythiswasaccomplishedwithoutconflictwhenKingJamesofScotlandbecameKingofEnglandandWalesaswell.FinallytheEnglishgovernmenttriedintheearlytwentiethcenturytoformtheUnitedKingdombygettingIrelandconnectedinthesamepeacefulway.However,thesouthernpartofIrelandwasunwillingandbrokeawaytoformitsowngovernment.SoonlyNorthernIrelandjoinedwithEngland,WalesandScotlandtobecometheUnitedKingdomandthiswasshowntotheworldinanewflagcalledtheUnionJack.
Totheircreditthefourcountriesdoworktogetherinsomeareas(eg,thecurrencyandinternationalrelations),buttheystillhaveverydifferentinstitutions.Forexample,NorthernIreland,EnglandandScotlandhavedifferenteducationalandlegalsystemsaswellasdifferentfootballteamsforcompetitionsliketheWorldCup!
Englandisthelargestofthefourcountries,andforconvenienceitisdividedroughlyintothreezones.ThezonenearestFranceiscalledtheSouthofEngland,themiddlezoneiscalledtheMidlandsandtheonenearesttoScotlandisknownastheNorth.Youfindmostofthepopulationsettledinthesouth,butmostoftheindustrialci
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