华北电力大学871语言学及文学考研真题.docx
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华北电力大学871语言学及文学考研真题.docx
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华北电力大学871语言学及文学考研真题
华北电力大学871语言学及文学2011年硕士研究生入学考试试题及答案
A.语言学部分
ⅠWordcompletion
1.synchronic;diachronic
2.Sociolinguistics
3displacement
4.Semantics
5.Simile
6.Situational
7.Contrastiveanalysis
8.Innateness
9.Illocutionaryact
ⅡDefinitionexplanation
1.Pragmatics
Itisthestudyofmeaningincontext.Itdealswithparticularutterancesinparticularsituationsandisespeciallyconcernedwiththevariouswaysinwhichthemanysocialcontextsoflanguagecaninfluenceinterpretation.
2.Psycholinguistics
Itinvestigatestheinterrelationoflanguageandmind,inprocessingandproducingutterancesandinlanguageacquisitionforexample.Itstudieslanguagedevelopmentinthechild,suchasthetheoriesoflanguageacquisition,biologicalfoundationsoflanguage,andtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcognition.Thereisalsothepsycholinguisticstudyofgrammar.
3.Duality
Itmeansthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.Atthelowerlevelthereisastructureofsound,whicharemeaninglessbythemselves.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning,whicharefoundatthehigherlevelofthesystem.Thentheunitsatthehigherlevelcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentences.
4.Morpheme
Morphemeisthesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionsandcontent,aunitcannotbedividedwithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalterthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.
5.Interlanguage
Aninterlanguageisanemerginglinguisticsystemthathasbeendevelopedbyalearnerofsecondlanguagewhohasnotbecomefullyproficientyetbutisapproximatingthetargetlanguage:
preservingsomefeaturesoftheirfirstlanguage,orovergeneralizingtargetlanguagerulesinspeakingorwritingthetargetlanguage.
6.Fossilization
Formostoofustheacquisitionofsecondlanguageislessspectacular.Ifwearepasttheageofaround7-10years,theacquitionofanL2,inmarkedcontrasttothewayweacquiredourfirstlanguagecanturnouttoberatherslow,laboriousand,evenintalentedL2learners,tendstostopshortofnative-likeproficiency.This“stoppingshort”hasbeenreferredtoasfossilization.
7.RelevanceTheory
ThistheorywasformallyproposedbyDanSperberandDeirdreWilson.TheyarguethatallGriceanmaxims,includingtheCPitself,shouldbereducedtoasingleprincipleofrelevance,whichisdefinedas:
Everyactofostensivecommunicationcommunicatesthepresumptionofitsownoptimalrelevance.
8.Register
AccordingtoHalliday,“Languagevariesasitsfunctionvaries;itdiffersindifferentsituations.”Thetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituationisaregister.
9.Syntax
Syntaxisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.
10.Conversationalimplication
Conversationalimplicationreferstoatypeofimpliedmeaning,whichisdeducedonthebasisoftheconversationalmeaningofwordstogetherwiththecontext,undertheguidanceoftheCPanditsmaxims.
ⅢAnswerthefollowingquestions
1,Halliday’linguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure’slangueandChomsky’scompetencebutdifferconsiderably.Theyaresimilaronlyinoneaspect,thatis,theyallrefertotheconstantfactorwhichunderliestheutterancesthatconstituteparole/performance/acturallinguisticbehavior.Theirdifferenceisfairlyobvious.Langueisasocialpropertywhilelinguisticpotentialissomethingavailableforthespeakertoselectfrom.Competenceisaformof“knowing”whilelinguisticpotentialisasetofpossibilitiesfor”doing”.Thecompetenceversusperformancedistinctionisonebetweenwhataperson“knows”andwhathe“does”,whilethelinguisticpotentialversusactuallinguisticbehaviordistinctionisonebetweenwhataperson“cando”andwhataperson”does”.
2.Languageisnotbiologicallytransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration,butthedetailsofthelinguisticsystemmustbelearnedanewbyeachspeak.Itistruethatthecapacityforlanguageinhumanbeinghasageneticbasis,buttheparticularlanguageapersonlearnstospeakisaculturaloneratherthanageneticonelikethedog’sbarkingsystem.Ifahumanbeingbroughtupisisolationhecannotacquirelanguage.Thewolf-childrearedbythewolvesturnedouttospeakthewolf’sroaring”tungue”whenhewassaved.Anditwasdifficultforhimtoacquirehumanbeing.
3,Languageisviewedasasystemofformsinlinguistics,butitisregardedasasetofskillsinthefieldoflanguageteaching.Linguisticresearchisconcernedwiththeestablishmentoftheorieswhichexplainsthephenomenaoflanguage,whereaslanguageteachingaimsatthelearner’smasteryoflanguage.Tobridgethegapbetweenthetheoriesoflinguisticsandthepracticeofforeignlanguageteaching,appliedlinguisticsservesasamediatingareawhichinterpretstheresultsoflinguistictheoriesandmakesthemuser-friendlytothelanguageteacherandlearner.
B.文学部分
I.Nameouttheauthorsofthesefollowingworks
1WilliamShakespeare
2WaltWhitman
3JackLondon
4JohnBunyan
5JohnMilton
6JonathanSwift
7PercyByssheShelly
8VirginiaWoolf
9HenryFielding
10HenryDavidThoreau
11HenryJames
12TSEliot
13WilliamFaulkner
14JohnSteinbeck
15JeromeDavidSalinger
ⅡExplainthesefollowingTerms
1Feminism
Feminisimincorporatesbothadoctrineofequalrightsforwomenandanideologyofsocialtransformationaimingtocreateaworldforwomenbeyondsimplesocialequality.Ingeneral,feminismisideologyofwomen’sliberationbasedonthebeliefthatwomensufferinjusticebecauseoftheirsex.Underthisbroadumbrellavariousfeminismsofferdifferinganalysesofthecauses,oragents,offemaleoppression.Definitionsoffeminismbyfeministstendtobeshapedbytheirtraining,ideologyorrace.So,forexample,Marxistandsocialistfeministsstresstheinteractionwithinfeminismofclasswithgenderandfocusonsocialdistinctionsbetweenmenandwomen.Blackfeministsarguemuchmoreforanintegratedanalysiswhichcanunlockthemultiplesystemsofoppression.
2ByronicHero
Byronicheroreferstoaproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin.Withimmensesuperiorityinhispassionsandpowers,theywouldcarryonhisshoulderstheburdenofrightingallthewrongsinacorruptsociety,andwouldrisesingle-handedlyagainstantkindoftyrannicalruleseitheringovernment,inreligion,orinmoralprincipleswithunconquerablewillsandinexhaustibleenergies.
3Streamofconsciousness
Streamofconsciousnessisoneofthemodernliterarytechniques.Itisthestyleofwritingthatattemptstoimitatethenaturalflowofacharacter’sthoughts,feelings,reflections,memeoriesandmentalimagesasthecharacterexperiencesthem.Itwasfirstusedin1922bytheIrishnovelistJamesJoyce.Thosenovelsbrokethroughtheboundsoftimespace,anddepictedvividlyandskillfullytheunconsciousactivityofthemindfastchangingandflowingincessantly,particularlythehesitant,misted,distractedandillusorypsychologypeoplehadwhentheyfacedreality.ThemodernAmericanwriterWilliamFaulkersuccessfullyadvancedthistechnique.Inhisstories,actionandplotswerelessimportantthanthereactionsandinnermusingsofthenarrators.Timesequenceswereoftendislocated.Thereaderfeelshimselftobeaparticipantinthestories,ratherthananobserver.Ahighdegreeofemotioncanbeachievedbythistechnique.
4TheAmericanNaturalism
TheAmericanNaturalismacceptedthemorenegativeinterpretationofDarwin’sevolutionarytheoryandusedittoaccountforthebehaviorofthosecharactersinliteraryworkswhowereregardedasmoreorlesscomplexcombinationsofinheritedattributes,theirhabitsconditionedbysocialandeconomicforces.AmericanNaturalismisevolvedfromrealismwhentheauthor’stoneinwritingbecomeslessseriousandlesssympatheticbutmoreironicandmorepessimistic.Itisnomorethanagloomyphilosophicalapproachtoreality,ortohumanexistence.Dreiserisaleadingfigureofthisschool.
5Imagism
itwasapoeticvoguethatflourishedinEngland,andevenmorevigorouslyinAmerica,betweentheyears1912and1917.ItwasplannedandexemplifiedbyagroupofEnglishandAmericanwritersinLondon,partlyundertheinfluenceofthepoetictheoryofT.E.Hulme,asarevoltagainstthesentimentalandmannerishpoetryattheturnofthecentury.ThetypicalImagistpoetryiswritteninfreeverseandundertakestobeaspreciselyandterselyaspossible.Meanwhile,theImagistpoetrylikestoexpressthewriters’momentaryimpressionofavisualobjectorsceneandoftentheimpressionisrenderedbymeansofmetaphorwithoutindicatingarelation.MostfamousImagistpoem,“InaStationoftheMetro”,waswrittenbyEzraPound.Imagismwastoorestrictivetoendurelongasaconcertedmovement,butitinfluencedalmostallmodernpoetsofBritainandAmerica.
ⅢAnsweringthefollowingquestions
1、Whatisthesymbolicmeaningofletter“A”inScarletLetter?
Letter“A”symbolsfirstasAdultery,thenAbilityandlastAngle.
2、MakeanintroductionofErnestHemingwayand“HemingwayCodeHero”.
HemingwayisoneofthegreatAmericanwritersofthe20thcentury.AsaconceptfromHemingway’sworks,codeheroisdefinedbyHemingwayasamanwholivescorrectly,followingtheidealsofhonour,courage,andenduranceinaworldthatissometimeschaotic,oftenstressfull,andawayspainful.Acodeheroisanaverage
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