美国情景喜剧《老友记》中幽默的语用分析论文.docx
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美国情景喜剧《老友记》中幽默的语用分析论文.docx
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美国情景喜剧《老友记》中幽默的语用分析论文
PragmaticAnalysisontheHumorof
theAmericanSituationComedyFriends
Abstract:
Humorisakindofessentialsaucetopeople'slife.Firstlythisthesisputsforwardtheconceptofhumor,andbrieflyillustrationofpragmatictheorieswillbeinvolvedinthethesis.Thenitanalysessomeofhumorouslinesfrom“Friends”asexamplescombinedwithpragmatictheories.Throughcomprehensivesummaryandanalysis,itaimsatguidingstudentstograsprelatedpragmatictheoriesinEnglishstudycorrectlyandimprovingEnglishlearners’comprehensiontoEnglishhumor.
Keywords:
Friends;Humor;RelevanceTheory;CooperativePrinciple;Face-savingTheory
美国情景喜剧《老友记》中幽默的语用分析
摘要:
幽默是人们生活中必不可少的一种调味料,本论文首先提出幽默的概念及将要涉及的语用学理论,并简单阐述,再以美国著名情景喜剧《老友记》中的部分幽默台词为例结合理论进行分析,通过全面地归纳和分析,本文旨在正确指导英语学习中对相关语用理论的掌握,从而更好地学习和运用英语,提高英语学习者对英语幽默的理解。
关键词:
老友记;幽默;关联理论;合作原则;面子理论
Contents
Introduction
1BriefintroductionofFriends
1.1Essentialinformation
1.2Barebonesofplot
1.3Lingualcharacteristic
2Definitionofhumor
3Relatedpragmatictheory
3.1RelevanceTheory
3.2CooperativePrinciple
3.3Face-savingTheory
4Analysisofthelines
4.1RelevanceTheory
4.1.1Pun
4.1.2Idiom
4.2CooperativePrinciple
4.2.1Irony
4.3Face-savingTheory
Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
PragmaticAnalysisontheHumorof
theAmericanSituationComedyFriends
Introduction
Humorcanreleasethementalpressure,adjusttherelationshipamongpeople,alsocandefendthepsychologicalinjury.F.Kohloncesaid“theAmericanwouldrathertoacknowledgecommittedthetreason,themurder,thearson,toinstalltheartificialtooth,towearthewig,evenwouldnotrathertoacknowledgetheirsenseofhumorisdeficient”.TheAmericansituationcomedyFriendsmadethegloriousviewingrateandobtainedthehighpraiseofglobalaudience,alsocanexplainthattheAmericanpaidattentiontothesenseofhumorcontinuously.Thissituationcomedytelecasted10yearsandstillbepopularinworld-wide.Ittookmanycharmingamusinglinestotheaudienceineachpart.Theselinesareworthanalyzingandconcluding,wecanunderstandthehumorouseffectsbetteraftercombiningthepragmatictheory.
1BriefintroductionofFriends
FriendsisanAmericansituationcomedythathasmanyfaithfulaudiences.Ifsomeonejustwatchesanepisode,hewilllovethesewonderfulplotsandhumorousdialogues.Thefollowingwillintroduceessentialinformation,barebonesofplotandlingualcharacteristicofFriends.
1.1Essentialinformation
Friendsisahumoroussituationcomedy,whichbroadcastedsince1994byNBCTelevisionStationandhadbroadcastedtenyearscontinuously.ItproducedByWarnerbrotherscompany.SinceFriendswasbroadcasted,itwasoneofthemostfamousTVplayinNBCtelevisionnetwork.CompleteTVplayaltogetherhad237volumes.Onceitsettledtherecordoffifty-threemillionviewingratein1996.
1.2Barebonesofplot
Thestorymainlydescribedaseriesofstoriesaboutsixgoodfriends’life.TheylivedinNewYorkfromacquaintancestoafterwardgothroughtenyeartogether.Ross(paleontologist)andMonica(chef)areJudeanbrotherandsisterwholiveinManhattan.Oppositetheirapartment,livesChandler(directorofacompany)andJoy(third-gradeactorhaveItalylineage).ChandlerisRoss’suniversityroommateandthebestfriend.ExceptforthesefourpeopleeccentricPhoebe(chiropractor)alsolivethere.ShewasMonica’sroommate.FivepersongatherfrequentlyinMonica’sbigapartmentoratthedownstairsCentralPark(acafe)atleisuretime.
Atthefirstvolumeofstart,Monica’sgoodfriendinhighschool,RachelrunsawayfromweddingtotheCentralPark,andmeetsMonicabychance,alsomeetsRosswhounrequitedlovedher.Becauseofpassels,RachellivesinMonica’shousewitheverybody’shelp.Sixfriendsstartthelifewhichtheyneverexperiencedbefore.
1.3Lingualcharacteristic
FriendsdisplaysAmericanuniquehumorousstylefully.Pun,idiom,ironyandambiguityfrequentlyusedinthelines,andtheycanhelptoachievethehumorouseffect.ForthevastEnglishlearners,analyzehowthehumorofFriendsproducedandapplied,notonlycanboostgraspofrelatedpragmatictheoryinEnglishstudybutalsobeabletodeepenunderstandingoftheEnglishhumor.
2Definitionofhumor
HumorwastransliteratedbyLinYutangfromEnglishin30’s20thcentury.It’sakindoflinguisticartandaformoflinguisticcommunication,whichappearsfrequentlyinpeople’sdailydialogue.
Itmeansasentimentthatcanmakepeoplesmile.Indailylife,peoplealwayslaughoutloudlybecauseofsomebodyorsomethingandthemaincauseishumor.In1985,Nashprovidedadefinitionofhumor:
“Humorishumanity'suniquenature”.ButafamouswriterGeorgeBernardShawproposedinhiscollectedworks:
“Wecannotmakethedefinitionofhumor;itisanelementtomakepeoplelaugh”.Itisnotdifficulttoseethatthehumorisparticularandimportantfromthis.Itcanplayapromotiveroleintheprocessofpeople’sexchangeofinformationoremotion.
3Relatedpragmatictheory
ThisthesiswillinvolveRelevanceTheory,CooperativePrincipleandFace-savingTheory.Thefollowingwillintroducetheorigin,developmentandbasicconceptaboutthesetheoriesseparately.
3.1RelevanceTheory
SperberandWilsonthecontemporarypragmaticexpertputforwardRelevanceTheory.Itclaimedthat“humanity’scognitiontakestheconnectionasguide,thehumanityonlypaysattentiontothatinformationthatwithrelated.”.Itdiscussesthecognitionaleffectoflinguisticcommunicationfromtheangleofcognitionandpayattentiontotheexpositionofthecognitionalpsychologicalprocessaboutlanguageunderstanding.
Thistheorybelongstothecognitivescience.Itisaprocessprovidingconceptandprocedureforthepragmaticinferenceanditisadialecticalmethodtogainthepragmaticmeaning.Thisisakindofverybeneficialattempttoovercometheformerpragmatictheory’shaphazardly,makeitbecomearigorousandsystematicallinguisticsciencegradually.
3.2CooperativePrinciple
ThelinguistGriceproposedthefamousCooperativePrinciple.Accordingtothisprinciple,thecooperationconversationcarrieson,theparticipantmustmakeowncontributionaccordingtotherecognizedgoalordirectionoftheconversation.
TheCooperativePrinciplemainlyincludes:
“MaximofQuantity”,whichmeansthewordsshouldcontainthecontentthattheconversationneeds,andthewordsshouldnotcontaintheinformationwhichsurpasstheneedoftheconversation.“MaximofQuality”,whichmeansthewordsshouldbeunfeigned,andtheparticipantshouldn’tsayfalsewordswithinsufficientevidence.“MaximofRelation”,whichmeansthewords,mustbeconnectedtothesubject.“MaximofManner”,whichmeansthewordsmustbeclear,obvious,terse,andavoidusingobscurewords4.
3.3Face-savingTheory
Theword“face”firstlyintroducedintothewestbyaChineseanthropologist,namedHuXianjin.Thewesternsocialistsbegantoanalyzethisphenomenonfromthe1950’s.ItwasErvingGoffmanwhofirstexplainedthisword.Hebelievedthat“face”wasconnectedwithsomeemotionalconcepts,suchasembarrass,shyandlosingface.LatertwolinguistsBrownandLevinsonpresentedspecificallythe“Face-savingTheory”.Theydivided“face”intotwokinds:
negativefaceandpositiveface.Negativefacemeansthatapersondoesnotwantotherstoenforcetheirideasuponhis/herortointerfereinhis/herbehavior.Positivefaceisthehopethatapersonwantsotherstoagreewithhim/herortopraisehim/her5.
4Analysisofthelines
Friendshasmanyhumorouslines,andthefollowingwillcombinethepragmatictheoriestoanalyzesomeofthelines.
4.1RelevanceTheory
TheRelevanceTheoryconsidersthatthecommunicationisakindofprocessthatexpressesreasoning6,anditisacognitiveprocessofhearerdistinguishesspeaker’sintent.AccordingtotheCognitivePrinciple,human’scognitionwillcausetomaximizetheconnection.Onceitgeneratesirrelevantorredundantconnection,itwillbecomethetriggerofhumorpossibly.Andafterthepeople’sunderstandingofthisunreasonableconnectiontheywillunabletobearlaugh.
Takethelinesinthefirstseason’sfirstvolume(TheOneWhereMonicaGetsaNewRoommate)ofFriendsasexample.
Joey:
Stripjoint!
C’mon,you’resingle!
Havesomehormones!
Ross:
Idon’twanttobesingle,okay?
Ijust…Ijust-Ijustwannabemarriedagain!
(Rachelentersinawetweddingdressandstartstosearchtheroom.)
Chandler:
AndIjustwantamilliondollars!
(Heextendshishandhopefully.)
Inthisexample,JoycomfortsRosswhojustdivorcedwithhishomosexualwife,andencourageshimtoattendthestripteasepartyandlookforsomepleasures.ButRossisstillverydepressed,andhejusthopetoregainhismarriage.Atthesametimewhenhesays“Ijustwannabemarriedagain!
”,Rachelinawetweddingdressappearsintheirfront,thiskindofunexpectedconnection,makingChandlergettheconclusionthatifheuttershiswish,hiswishwillcometrueimmediately,thereforeheextendshishandhopefullyandsays“Ijustwantamilliondollars!
”.Thisincrediblebehaviorcausedbythenon-correlatedconnectionletstheaudiencescannothelplaughing.
Inthesecondvolume(TheOneWiththeSonogramattheEnd)firstseason,Rachelwhorunsawayfromweddingwanttoreturntheengagementringtoherfinance,butshediscoversshelostthering,thereforesheasks“Hasanybodyseenmyengagementring?
”Actuallythequestionunderthislinguisticsituationiseasytounderstand,butPhoebereplieswithherheadnotholdup“Yeah,it’sbeautiful.”ThereasonisthatPhoebethinkswhenawomanaskswhetherothersseeherr
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- 关 键 词:
- 老友记 美国 情景 喜剧 老友 幽默 分析 论文