A History of American Literature美国文学史概括.docx
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A History of American Literature美国文学史概括.docx
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AHistoryofAmericanLiterature美国文学史概括
AHistoryofAmericanLiterature
1.ThesummaryofPage3-9:
ThenarrativeofAmericanliteraryhistoryshouldfirstlylookattheexplorationwritingsrelationtothediscoveriesofAmerica.AmericawasfirstdiscoveriesbyChristopherColumbus,whoregardeditasAsiathattime.AnothernoteworthydiscovererofAmericaasadistinctlynewregionistheFlorentinenavigatorAmerigoVespucci,becauseofwhomtheNewWorldwasnamed“America”.ItwasMartinWaldseemullerthatcalledthe“fourpart”oftheworldfollowingEurope,Africa,andAsiaas“America”.ItwasVespucci’swritingsandWaldseemuller’smapthatmadeEuropeansawareofthe“fourthpart”oftheworld.
ThehistoryofAmericanliteraturewiththesediscoverieshadthefollowingreasons.First,thediscoveriesaresodiverseintheirculturalandhistoricalsituationsthatweareremindedthatwhatis“American”culture.ItmustdefinedintermsofitsBritishsourcesoforigin.TheSpanishhadprecededtheEnglishinarrivingintheNewWorldandincreatingaNewWorldliterature.AnotherreasonisthatdiscoveryorexplorationhasbecomepartoftheAmericanspirit.
NativeAmericanOralLiterature:
Themajorityofnativeculturesweresustainedthroughtheoraltraditionandthetaleshaveaperformativedimension.Thesignificancetoscholarsofcultureandliteraturearethosestoriesthatexplainthenatives’viewoftheoriginoftheworldandthosethatrelatehistoricaleventscrucialtoNativeAmericans,includingOriginstories,TrickstertalesandHistoricalnarratives.
2.CaptainJohnSmith(1580-1631)
JohnSmith:
AdmiralofNewEngland,wasanEnglishsoldier,explorer,andauthor..HewasconsideredtohaveplayedanimportantpartintheestablishmentofJamestown,thefirstpermanentEnglishsettlementinNorthAmerica.HewasaleaderoftheVirginiaColony(basedatJamestown)betweenSeptember1608andAugust1609,andledanexplorationalongtheriversofVirginiaandtheChesapeakeBay.HewasthefirstEnglishexplorertomaptheChesapeakeBayareaandNewEngland.
Smith'sbooksandmapsareconsideredextremelyimportantinencouragingandsupportingEnglishcolonizationoftheNewWorld.HegavethenameNewEnglandtotheregionandnoted:
"Hereeverymanmaybemasterandownerofhisownelabourandland...Ifhehavenothingbuthishands,hemay...byindustriesquicklygrowrich."
JohnSmith’saccountofhiscaptivityandhisnarrowescapehasbecomeoneofthebest-knownpassagesofEuropean-Indianencounterinexploration,includingTheGenerallHistorieofVirginia,New-England,andtheSummerIsles(1624),ADescriptionofNewEngland(1616),AdvertisementsfortheUnexperiencedPlantersofNewEngland,orAnywhere(1631),TheTrueTravels,AdventuresandObservationsofCaptainJohnSmith(1630).
3.AnneBradstreet(ca.1612-1672)
BorninNorthampton,England,Anne’seducationwastakencareofbyherfatherandstartedreadingtheBibleattheageofabout6.Shegotmarriedat16andherhouseholdworkwasanendlesslabor.Thoughherhealthwasprecarious,allthisdidnotdiscourageherfromwritingherpoetry.
AnnewasthemostprominentofearlyEnglishpoetsofNorthAmericaandfirstfemalewriterintheBritishNorthAmericancoloniestobepublished.ShewasalsoaprominentPuritanfigureinAmericanLiterature.Her“domestic”poemsandtheContemplationsaretodayrecognizedasherbestliteraryachievement.HerfirstvolumeofpoetrywasTheTenthMuseLatelySprungUpinAmerica,publishedin1650.ItwasmetwithapositivereceptioninboththeOldWorldandtheNewWorld.SeveralPoemsCompiledwithGreatVarietyofWitandLearning,ToMyDearandLovingHusband,AllthingswithinthisFadingWorldhathend,WithTroubledHeartandTremblingHandIWritearealsofamous.
4.EdwardTaylor(ca.1642-1729)
Bornin1642atSketchley,Leicestershire,England,EdwardTaylorwasacolonialAmericanpoet,pastorandphysician.Hewastwicemarried,firsttoElizabethFitch,bywhomhehadeightchildren,fiveofwhomdiedinchildhood,andatherdeathtoRuthWyllys,whoboresixmorechildren.TaylorhimselfdiedonJune29,1729inWestfield,Massachusetts.
Taylor'spoems,inleatherbindingsofhisownmanufacture,survivedhim,buthehadleftinstructionsthathisheirsshould"neverpublishanyofhiswritings,"andthepoemsremainedallbutforgottenformorethan200years.Hismostimportantpoems,thefirstsectionsofPreparatoryMeditations(1682–1725)andGod'sDeterminationsTouchingHisElectandtheElectsCombatinTheirConversionandCominguptoGodinChrist:
TogetherwiththeComfortableEffectsThereof(c.1680),werepublishedshortlyaftertheirdiscovery.Hiscompletepoems,however,werenotpublisheduntil1960.HeistheonlymajorAmericanpoettohavewritteninthemetaphysicalstyle.Thoughnotforthemostpartidentifiablysectarian,Taylor'spoemsnonethelessaremarkedbyarobustspiritualcontent,characteristicallyconveyedbymeansofhomelyandvividimageryderivedfromeverydayPuritansurroundings."Taylortranscendedhisfrontiercircumstances,"biographerGraboobserved,"notbyleavingthembehind,butbytransformingthemintointellectual,aesthetic,andspiritualuniversals."
5.ThesummaryofPage41-43
Enlightenment:
StartinginWesternintellectualhistoryfromthelate17thtothelate18thcentury,centeredinFrancebutalsoencompassing,itwasamomentousintellectualmovementthatgraduallyestablishedasystemofmodernvaluesthatemphasizereason,science,knowledgeandprogress.Itwaspromotedbyphilosophesandlocalthinkersinurbancoffeehouses,salons,andMasoniclodges.Itchallengedtheauthorityofinstitutionsthatweredeeplyrootedinsociety,especiallytheCatholicChurch;therewasmuchtalkofwaystoreformsocietywithtoleration,scienceandskepticism.PhilosophersincludingFrancisBacon,RenéDescartes,JohnLocke,BaruchSpinoza,PierreBayle,GiambattistaVico,Voltaire,DavidHume,ImmanuelKant,CesareBeccaria,FrancescoMarioPaganoandSirIsaacNewtoninfluencedsocietybypublishingwidelyreadworks.Uponlearningaboutenlightenedviews,somerulersmetwithintellectualsandtriedtoapplytheirreforms,suchasallowingfortoleration,oracceptingmultiplereligions,inwhatbecameknownasenlightenedabsolutism.CoincidingwiththeAgeofEnlightenmentwastheScientificrevolution,spearheadedbyNewton.
Newideasandbeliefsspreadaroundthecontinentandwerefosteredbyanincreaseinliteracyduetoadeparturefromsolelyreligioustexts.PublicationsincludeEncyclopédie(1751–72)thatwaseditedbyDenisDiderotand(until1759)JeanleRondd'Alembert.Some25,000copiesofthe35volumeencyclopediaweresold,halfofthemoutsideFrance.TheDictionnairephilosophiqueandLettersontheEnglish(1733)writtenbyVoltairewererevolutionarytextsthatspreadtheidealsoftheEnlightenment.SomeoftheseidealsprovedinfluentialanddecisiveinthecourseoftheFrenchRevolution,whichbeganin1789.AftertheRevolution,theEnlightenmentwasfollowedbyanopposingintellectualmovementknownasRomanticism.
6.BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)
HewasoneoftheFoundingFathersoftheUnitedStates.Asarenownedpolymath,Franklinwasaleadingauthor,printer,politicaltheorist,politician,postmaster,scientist,inventor,civicactivist,statesman,anddiplomat.Asascientist,hewasamajorfigureintheAmericanEnlightenmentandthehistoryofphysicsforhisdiscoveriesandtheoriesregardingelectricity.Asaninventor,heisknownforthelightningrod,bifocals,andtheFranklinstove,amongotherinventions.Hefacilitatedmanycivicorganizations,includingPhiladelphia'sfiredepartmentandauniversity.
Franklinbecameanewspapereditor,printer,andmerchantinPhiladelphia,becomingverywealthy,writingandpublishingPoorRichard'sAlmanackandthePennsylvaniaGazette.From1775to1776,FranklinwasPostmasterGeneralundertheContinentalCongressandfrom1785to1788wasPresidentoftheSupremeExecutiveCouncilofPennsylvania.Towardtheendofhislife,hebecameoneofthemostprominentabolitionists.
In1733,FranklinbegantopublishthenotedPoorRichard'sAlmanackunderthepseudonymRichardSaunders,onwhichmuchofhispopularreputationisbased.Franklinfrequentlywroteunderpseudonyms.AlthoughitwasnosecretthatFranklinwastheauthor,hisRichardSaunderscharacterrepeatedlydeniedit."PoorRichard'sProverbs",adagesfromthisalmanac,suchas"Apennysavedistwopencedear"and"Fishandvisitorsstinkinthreedays",remaincommonquotationsinthemodernworld.Wisdominfolksocietymeanttheabilitytoprovideanaptadageforanyoccasion.In1741FranklinbeganpublishingTheGeneralMagazineandHistoricalChronicleforalltheBritishPlantationsinAmerica,thefirstsuchmonthlymagazineofthistypepublishedinAmerica.In1758,theyearheceasedwritingfortheAlmanack,heprintedFatherAbraham'sSermon,alsoknownasTheWaytoWealth.Franklin'sautobiography,begunin1771butpublishedafterhisdeath,hasbecomeoneoftheclassicsofthegenre.Daylightsavingtime(DST)isoftenerroneouslyattributedtoa1784satirethatFranklinpublishedanonymously.ModernDSTwasfirstproposedbyGeorgeVernonHudsonin1895.
7.ThomasPaine(1737-1809)
ThomasPainewasanEnglish-Americanpoliticalactivist,philosopher,politicaltheoristandrevolutionary.OneoftheFoundingFathersoftheUnitedStates,heauthoredthetwomostinfluentialpamphletsatthestartoftheAmericanRevolution,andheinspiredtherebelsin1776todeclareindependencefromBritain.HisideasreflectedEnlightenment-erarhetoricoftransnationalhumanrights.He
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