非谓语动词的用法.docx
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非谓语动词的用法.docx
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非谓语动词的用法
动名词的用法
动名词在句中起名词的作用,在句中作主、宾、表、定语或同位语。
--ving,被动beingdone;完成式havingdone,完成被动havingbeendone
一.作主语
1.Seeingisbelieving.
2.Smokingisnotallowinghere.
3.Itisnogood/nouse/useless/awasteoftimedoingsth.
形式主语
Eg:
Itisnogoodlearningwithoutpractice.
二.作宾语,如admitdoingsth
1.类似动词advise,allow,avoid,deny,beworth,cannothelp,can’tsand,consider,postpone,enjoy,keepon,mind,mean,miss,putoff,permit,forbid,practice,risk,resist,report,suggest,appreciate…
Eg:
Thebirdescapedbeingkilledbythehunter
注意有些动词既可带动名词作宾语,又可带不定式作宾补。
如:
advise,recommend,allow,permit,forbid,require等
如:
Theschooldoesn’tallow(student’s)smoking.
Theschooldoesn’tallowstudents/ustosmoke.
2.作介词的宾语。
如Thetwocannevertalkwithoutsmiling.
3.to为介词的短语
getdownto,lookforwardto,payattentionto,get/beusedto,stickto,objectto,bedevotedto,headto,beaddictedto,adjustto,adaptto,beaccustomedto
eg:
Welookforwardtoseeingyouagain.
Theday(that/which)welookforwardtocameatlast.
Moreattentionshouldbepaidtohelpingthepoor.
.4.动名词作介词的宾语,一些句型如下
Thereisnopointindoingsth.
Therebe/sbhavesomedifficulty/trouble(in)doingsth.
Besorryfordoingsth/makeanapologytosbfordoingsth.
三.作表语
Herjobisteaching.=Teachingisherjob.
主表位置可互换
不定式、动名词、分词作表语的区别见不定式讲解第四页。
四.作定语
Theoldmanholdsawalkingstick.
awaitingroomaswimmingpool
动句词作定语表用途
五.作同位语
Sheenjoysherjob,teachingEnglish.
Hishabit,studyingatnight,remainsunchanged.
六、动名词的复合结构
动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语通常是一致的但也有不一致的情况,如果不一致,则在动名词前加物主代词或名词所有格或宾格,构成动名词的复合结构,动名词的复合结构在句中通常作主语、宾语、表语等。
Eg:
Doyoumindmy(me)sittinghere?
Canyouimaginemanlivingonthemoon?
Mary’scomingwilldoyougood.
Whatmakesherangryisyouropposingher.
七、动名词的完成式与被动式
Iapologizeforhavingbrokenmypromise.
Icouldnolongerstandbeingtreatedlikethat.
ShewasproundofhavingbeentrainedinAmerica.
八、既可接不定式也可接动名词作宾语的动词,无区别
Continuedoing/todo
begin/startdoing/todo
九.动名词的主动表被动
Sthneed/require/want/doing(tobe
done)
Theclassroomneedscleaning.
……………………tobecleaned.
Sthbeworthdoing.
Thebookiswellworthreading.
十.go后接动名词多指室外活动,也可表示从事某种职业;do后接动名词多指室内活动,如gofishing/swimming/shopping/skating/walking/boating/outing/sight-seeing/mountain—climbing/skiing.
Dosomereading/cooking/washing/sewing
动词不定式
不定式的形式
一般式todo,被动式tobedone,进行式tobedoing,完成式tohavedone完成被动式tohavebeendone否定式not/nevertodone
一、不定式的用法
1.不定式作主语
Tosaysomethingisonething;todoitisanother(注意谓语用单数)
ItisusefultolearnEnglish.(It充当形式主语)
Itis/was+adj+for(of)todosth.(for表达不定式的特征,of表达人的感情态度、性质、品质等形容词
如Itisdifficult/important/impossible/necessaryforustolearnEnglish.
Itisbrave/careful/cruel/impolite/good/nice/kind/honest/foolish/wrong/wise/silly+ofsb+todo….
动名词也可作主语
Toseeistobelieve或seeingisbelieving.注意前后保持一致
不定式和动名词作主语的区别:
在多数情况下,动名词作主语与不定式作主语没有明显区别,动名词作主语表抽象或经常的、习惯性的动作,或凭经验做的事。
不定式作主语表具体的或一件未完成的事或目的。
Smokingisforbiddenhere.(经常的)
Itisnotverygoodforyoutosmokesomuch.(具体的)
Ilikepainting,butIdon’tliketopainttoday.
Climbingmountainsisveryinteresting.
2.不定式作宾语
Heagreedtolendmesomemoneyononecondition.
(1)常接不定式作宾语的动词有:
Agree,plan,afford,arrange,ask,decide,demand,determine,expect,intend,manage,mean,offer,prepare,pretend,prove,promise,refuse,seen,want,fait,appear,wish,undertake等
Hedecidedtogohomethenextday.
(2)it可作形式宾语,常放在动词think,feel,find,make,consider,take,等
Ifinditinterestingtoworkwithhim.
HehasmadeitaruletoreadEnglishinthemorning.
(3)不定式可作介词but,except,besides后的宾语,原则:
有do(实义动词)不加,无do则加to.
Ihavenochoicebuttogo.
Shecoulddonothingbutcry.
但Whatdoeshelikebesidestoreadnovels?
(4)有些动词如know,decide,find,show,teach,tell,wonder等,但常用“疑问词+不定式”作宾语。
Eg:
Idon’tknowhowtosolvetheproblem.
Heiswonderingwheretogetsomebargains.
3.不定式作宾语补足语
Heaskedmetokeepmyword.
(1)不定式常用在tell,invite,ask,force,get,beg,allow,permit,forbid,expect,wish,want,like,encourage,persuade,advise,order,cause,warn,recommend,remind,require,consider,believe.等动词后作宾语。
注意有动词既可带动名词作宾语,也可带不定式作宾补。
如allow/permit/forbid(sb’s)doing
……………………..sbtodo
remindsbtodosth
remindsbofsth
recommenddoing
recommendsbtodo
(2)不定式作宾补,省略to的动词
一感feelsbdosth
二听hear/(listento)sbdosth
三使役:
let/make/havesbdosth
五看:
see,watch,lookat,observe,notice
I’llhave/let/makeTomdoit.
Isawhimgointotheroom.(表动作完成)
注意:
变被动语态时,to要还原.
Hewasnoticetoleaveduringthemeeting.
Hisbehaviormademelaugh.=Iwasmadetolaughbyhisbehavior.
Heoftenmadehissistercry,buthewasmadetocrybyhissistertoday.
不仅不定式可作宾补,现在分词、过去分词也可作宾补,注意区别。
Hesawthegirlknockeddownbyacar.
…………………readingthebookthismorning.
………………….gooutjustnow.
还有很多动词可加宾语和宾补,请参看分词部分。
Hehadhiswatchrepairedyesterday.
Hehadhislegbrokenwhileplayingbasktetball.
HehadTomfinishthetask.
Don’thavehimstandingallthetime.
Ihavemuchhomeworktodo.
4.不定式作定语。
(1)MywishtovisitFrancehascometrueatlast.
不定式作定语时用来修饰一些抽象名词,常见的有ability,chance,idea,fact,excuse,promise,answer,reply,attempt,belief,way等。
Ihavenochancetogoabroad.
Theability_____anideaisasimportantastheideaitself.(2011湖南)
A.expressingB.expressed
C.toexpressD.tobeexpressed(C)
(2)Sheisaverynicepersontoworkwith.
Pleasegivemeaknifetocutwith.
Ihavenoonetotalkto.
Thereisnothingtoworryabout.
Heislookingforahousetolivein.
但不定式修饰的名词是time,place,way,不定式后的介词可省去。
Thereisnotimetothink(about).
Hehadnomoneyandnoplacetolive.
注意,在序数词first,second,last,best,only后用不定式作定语。
Heisthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.
Heistheonlypersontobelieveme.
(3)Doyouhaveanythingtosend?
Doyouhaveanythingtobesend?
5.不定式作表语
(1)一般放在系动词be,seem,remain,appear等后,用来说明主语的内容。
不定式作表语时多表具体的将来的动作,所以当主语是wish,purpose,aim,idea,task,step,way等名词时,表语常用不定式。
Hisdreamistotravelaroundtheworld.
Mywishistobeadoctor.
Theproblemremainstobesolved.
Heseemstobereading.
动名词、现在分词、过去分词、不定式作表语的区别
Ourworkisservingthepeople.
Myjobisteaching.
Teachingismyjob.
Travellingisinterestingbuttiring.
Mywatchisbroken.
(2)不定式作表语省略to
Allyouhavetodois(to)finishthejobquickly.
6.不定式作状语
(1)不定式作状语表目的、原因、结果或条件
Icameheretoseeyou.
Wewereveryexcitedtohearthenews.
besad/lucky/happy/sorry/surprisedto..
Hisparentsdied,leavinghimanorphan.
Hehurriedtotheschoolonlytofindnothing.
Tolookathim,youwouldlikehim.
(2)目的状语还可用inorderto,或soasto来表示,但soasto不能放在句首。
Weranallthewayinordernotto/soasnottobelate.
Inorderto/Topasstheexam,heworkedveryhard.
(3)不定式也可放在作表语的形容词后作程度状语。
Thequestionisdifficulttoanswer.
Themaniseasytogetalongwith.
Youweresillynot______yourcar.
A.tolockB.tohavelockedC.lockingD.havinglocked
表难易、轻重、贵贵贱、舒适的、适合的和安全的形容词:
hard,difficult,easy,light,heavy,dear,expensive,inexpensive,cheap,comfortable,fit,suitable,silly等
Thechairisverycomfortabletositon.
7.不定式的省略
(1)一些固定短语,如wouldrather,hadbetter,whynot,wouldratherdothando,cannotbutdo,cannotchoose/helpbutdo(不得不),hadbetterdo
Icannotbutadmirehiscourage.
(2)省略前面出现的动词
Ishallgoifyouwishmeto.
Youcantryitifyouwantto.
--Haveyoulistenedtothemusic?
--No,butIplanto.
Iwon’tgoifmotherasksmenottogo.
8.不定式的独立成分。
相当于固定词组或固定搭配。
Totellyouthetruthtobefair
Tomakemattersworse
Tobesuretobefrank
Tosumuptobegin/startwith
Totellyouthetruth,Idon’tagreewithyou.
Tomakethingsworse,itbegantorainnow.
9.不定式的不同结构
Hepretendedtobereadingwhentheteachercamein.
Hepretendedtohavelefthishomeworkathomewhentheteacherasked.
Hisnoveltobepublishednextweekisrichinimagination.
10.blame(责备),let(出租),这两个词的不定式作表语,并和句中主语是逻辑上的动宾关系时,用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
Youaretoblameforit.你将为此而受到责备。
Thehouseistolet.(此房出租)
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