Chapter 21 状语 Adverbials.docx

Chapter 21 状语 Adverbials.docx

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Chapter21状语Adverbials

Chapter21状语Adverbials

什么是状语？

Sheansweredinaquietlyassertiveway.不是状语

Sheassertedheranswerquietly.

1.附加状语Adjuncts

是增加信息，通常是句子信息的中心

HelivedinChicago.【必具性附加状语】

TheQueenarrived.【即：

突出到达】

TheQueenarrivedinabluegown.

【她的衣着比到达更重要】

Heputthebooksonthedesk.

Wheredidheputthebooks?

附加状语与主语或宾语处于同一结构层次

Itwasonthebookthatheputthebooks.

Wearestudyinggrammarinourclassroom.

⑴必具性附加状语

Wesatdown.

TheroadgoestoChangchun.

⑵非必具性附加状语

Webakedthecake（athome）.

Ifoundmywatch（underthebed）.

⑶谓体附加状语

HetravelledagreatdealandeventuallysettleddowninAustralia.（只修饰settled）

⑷句子附加状语

InAustralia,hetravelledagreatdealandeventuallysettleddown.（两个都修饰为句子附加状语）

注意歧义

Iheardthemaninthenexthouse.

状语译文：

定语译文：

⑸空间（space）附加状语

位置、方向、目标位置、来源和距离

Heclimbedoutofthewater.

ManypeopleeatinrestaurantsinLondon.

⑹时间（time）附加状语

Atthreeo’clocktomorrowI’llmeetyou.

Youshouldtakethemedicinetwiceeachday.（可以移到句首）

⑺方式附加状语（how）

Theyproceededcarefully.

………………..withcare.

Hiswoundcanbetreatedsurgically.

………………………bymeansofsurgery.

⑻原因附加状语（why/what…for）

原因、理由、目的、结果、条件、让步

Hehadtakentheflatbecauseofthejob.

…………………….forthejob.

多个状语同时出现：

TheplanelandedsafelyatRomeanhourlater.（它们都属于什么类型的状语？

）

2．下加状语Subjuncts

是对相关内容的修饰

⑴观点下加状语ViewpointSubjuncts

He’snotadoctortechnically.

……………fromatechnicalpointofview.

⑵礼貌下加状语CourtesySubjuncts

Wecordiallyinvitedyoutoourparty,please.

比较：

Wewerecordialenoughtoinviteyoutoourparty,please.

⑶主语下加状语

a.表示主语态度

Uneasily,Ithoughtofhergoinghomealone.

=IwasuneasywhenIthoughtofhergoinghomealone.

b.表示主语意愿

Reluctantly,Imustrefuseyourinvitation.

=ThoughIamreluctanttorefuseyourinvitation,Imustdoso.

⑷谓体下加状语

already,yet,still,not…anymore,nolonger,just,sofar,asyet,uptonow

Ihavereceivednoanswerfromhimasyet.

（asyet也可置于句首）

⑸强化下加状语

a.强调语充当下加状语

Heisliterally（=really）therudestmanIknow.

Hewillcertainlycomehere.

其它还有:

surely,simply,actually,etc.

b.增强词充当下加状语

absolutely,altogether,completely,entirely,extremely,fully,perfectly,thoroughly,totally,inallrespects,etc.

Itotallyagreewithyou.

c.减弱语是谓体语义的下加状语

近似语almost,nearly,virtually,asgoodas,allbut,etc.

折衷语kindof,quite,somethingof,moreorless,rather,etc.

He’ssomethingofastampcollector.

⑹焦点下加状语

a.表示有关话语对中心部分而言是正确的

alone,exactly,just,merely,only,especially,largely,mainlyprimarily,specially,atleast,inparticular,etc.

Theaccidentwaswitnessedbyonlytwopeople.

b.表示有关话语对中心部分而言是正确的，但对中心部分做些补充

again,also,either,equally,even,further,likewise,neither,too,inaddition,etc.

Wehaveinvited（aswell）someofhisfriendsaswell.

3.外加状语Disjuncts

限于句法层面，外加状语只是起到评注性作用，是句子中可有可无的。

外加状语与句子成分相比，层次高一级，在句法上更独立，其修饰范围也延伸到整个句子。

⑴语体外加状语Styledisjuncts

a.情感和方式

candidly,flatly,honestly,strictly,truly,privately,frankly,generally,roughly,etc.

Confidentially,heisnotagooddoctor.

=Itellyouconfidentially

b.方面和观点

personally,figuratively,metaphorically,literally,etc.

Strictly（speaking）,it’snotallowed,butwewon’tpreventit.

⑵内容外加状语Contentdisjuncts

a.真实性相信程度和条件

assuredly,certainly,decidedly,indeed,undeniably,undoubtedly,unquestionably,clearly,manifestly,etc.

Theincidenthappened,possibly,whenIwasinthegarden.

b.对说的话的估计和态度

（in）correctly,（un）justly,cleverly,foolishly,（un）reasonably,（un）wisely,etc.

Regrettably,wehadforgottenallaboutRandoph.

c.表示讲话人感到差异

Tomysurprise,hemarriedher.

⑶评述分句充当外加状语

Ithink,expect,feel,hear,agree,hope,know,don’tyouagree,can’tyousee,mindyou,etc.

Sheiswrong,Ibelieve.

Dorothy,asyousaid,isaclevergirl.

What’smoresurprising,moreserious,mostsignificantofall,verystrange,whatannoysme,moreupsetting,etc.

Whatismoreupsetting,herappointmenthasnotyetbeenconfirmed.

tobeprecise,honest,fair,frank,sure,toputitbriefly,totellyouthetruth,sotospeak,etc.

Idon’treallyknow,tobehonest.

4.连加状语Conjuncts

连加内容：

小到连接一个副词和短语；

大到句子和段落

在语篇构建过程中具有以下几种语篇功能：

语篇衔接功能、语篇接续功能、语篇限定功能和语篇预示功能等。

Textuallevel

⑴列举first,firstofall,ontheonehand,foronething,finally,lastly,lastofall,etc.

Tostartwith,wemustdoourbest.

⑵补充then,again,also,further（more）,etc.

Hedoesnotliketoleavesuchawell-paidpost,andmoreover,heisveryhappyinhiswork.

⑶总结altogether,inconclusion,tosummarize,etc.

Allinall,heisagoodstudent.

⑷同位namely,thus,inotherwords,forexample,etc.

Theyareallfemales,thatisgirlsandwomen.

⑸结果accordingly,hence,soasaconsequence,asaresult,etc.

Ihadbrokenmyglasses,soIcouldn’tseewhatwashappening.

⑹推断otherwise,then,inotherwords,inthatcase,etc.

Inthatcase,comealittleearlier.

⑺对比（重述）rather,moreaccurately,alias,etc.

Heisbeingafool.Inotherwords,heisbehavingfoolishly.

（更换）instead,again,rather,etc.

（对偶）conversely,oppositely,incomparison,etc.

（让步）anyhow,besides,however,nevertheless,etc.

⑻转题incidentally,now,bytheway,etc.

Imustgonow.Incidentally,ifyouwantthatbook,I’llbringitnexttime.

meantime/while,atthesametime,eventually,etc.

They’llbehereintenminutes.Meanwhile,we’llhavesomecoffee.

练习

1.Speechlessing|SpeechlenessVictorHenrynoddedandsatonanoldbrownfoldingseat.

2.Overthepasttenyearsnearly500ruralteachershavestudiesintheshadowofthedistinct|distinctlyflattenedmountain.

3.TheVerrazano-NarrowsBridge（费雷泽诺桥）inNewYorkonlyis|isonlysixtyfeetlongerthantheGoldenGateBridgeinSanFrancisco.

4.Elephantsarewell-knownasthelargestlandmammals,buttheyareeasy|easilyoverweighedbywhales.

5.Tryingtostudywhenthebuildersareworkingonabuildingsitenearbyissuch|reallyaproblem.

6.Theswimmingpoolisemptiedandthenfilledof|withfreshwatereveryday.

7.Thepassengeronlyhad|onlyhadafive-dollar-billwithhimwhenheboardedthebus.

8.Mywatchisold;__D__,itisingoodcondition.

A.therefore

B.so

C.but

D.nevertheless

9.It’struethattheoldroadislessdirectandabitlonger.Wewon’ttakethenewone,_B___,becausewedon’tfeelassafeonit.

A.somehow

B.though

C.therefore

D.otherwise

10.Therainwasheavyand__A__thelandwasflooded.

A.consequently

B.continuously

C.constantly

D.consistently

11.Imustgonow.__A__,ifyouwantthatbookI’llbringitnexttime.

A.Incidentally

B.Accidentally

C.Occasionally

D.Subsequently

12.Theabilitytostoreknowledgemakescomputersdifferentfromeveryothermachine_A___invented.

A.ever

B.thus

C.yet

D.as

13.Youcannotbe_C___carefulwhenyoudriveacar.

A.very

B.so

C.too

D.enough

14.Hewon’tgotoseethefilm,andIwon’t__D__.

A.too

B.also

C.neither

D.either

15.Iam_D__hungrytoday.

A.morethanusual

B.unusual

C.moreunusually

D.unusually

16.Hissonspeaks_C___.

A.correctEnglishandeasily

B.Englisheasy,withcorrectness

C.Englisheasilyandcorrectly

D.aneasyandcorrectEnglish

17.IthoughtIknewtheway,but_C___Igotlost.

A.anyhow

B.anyway

C.somehow

D.somewhat

18.Ifyourtoothhurts_C___,takeanaspirinortwo.

A.bad

B.worse

C.badly

D.worst

19.Ineverguessedyoucouldhavewalked__C__far.

A.as

B.this

C.that

D.such

20.Theaudienceconsisted_B___ofwomen.

A.most

B.mostly

C.nearly

D.almost

21.Oneofthepersonswhomshesaw__D__wasPeter.

A.morefrequent

B.verymuchfrequently

C.lessfrequent

D.leastfrequently

22._B___,theshopsheredon’topenuntilnineinthemorning.

A.Tomumuchsurprise

B.Muchtomysurprise

C.Tomysurprisemuch

D.Muchtosurpriseme

23.Youdressdoesn’tfityouaroundtheneck__A__right.

A.quite

B.almost

C.nearly

D.rather

24.“LeavingforDetroit?

”“_C___.”

A.Lately

B.Late

C.Soon

D.Sooner

25.Heisathinfellow,_B___inhisforties.

A.anywhere

B.somewhere

C.nowhere

D.where

26.Don’tpeople_A___drinkalotofteainEngland?

A.still

B.already

C.yet

D.quite

27.Thisjobis_A___.

A.extremelydonewell

B.extremelywelldone

C.donewellextremely

D.welldoneextremely

28.Paulhasn’treturnedyet,andI’msureheexpectedtobeback__C__.

A.beforelongnow

B.nowlongbefore

C.longbeforenow

D.nowbeforelong

29.Manhasusedmetalsforcenturiesingraduallyincreasingquantities,butitwasnotuntiltheIndustrialRevolutionthattheycametobeemployedinrealvastquantities.

30.Theproblemofunemploymentthegovernmentswantsolvedisasseriousasnever|everinunderdevelopedcountries.

31.Theywanttoexposethoseeducationallydisadvantagedstudentstocreative,enrichingeducationalexperiencesforafive-yearperiod.

32.Itsoonbecameobviouslythatinsteadofbeingtrainedtosingshewouldbetrainedastheastronomer’sassistant.

33.It’sessentialthatpeoplebepsychologicallyabletoresisttheimpactbroughtaboutbythetransitionfromplannedeconomytomarketeconomy.

34.AgreatmanyteachersfirmlybelievethatEnglishisoneofthepoorest-taughtsubjectsinhighschoolatpresent.

35.YetnotalloftheseracesareintellectualinferiortotheEuropeanraces,andsomemayevenhaveafreshnessandvitalitythatcanrenewtheenergiesofmoreadvancedraces.

36.Allthoseleftundonemaysoundgreatlyintheory,buteventhetruestbelieverhasgreatdifficultywhenitcomestospecifics.

37.Themechanismsatworkaremanifestinthetendencyforsuchphysicalactivitytoutilizethepotentiallyharmfulconstituentsofthestressresponse.

38.Thistableisnotsturdyenoughtosupportatelevision