英语中易混淆词语.docx
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英语中易混淆词语.docx
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英语中易混淆词语
Many/Much/Alotof/Lotsof
wetendtouse'many'and'much'inquestionsandnegatives,anduse'lotsof'or'alotof'inaffirmativestatements-certainlyinspokenEnglishatleast.
Forexample:
"Therearelotsofpeopleinthestreet"AND"Thatisalotofmilk"areaffirmativestatements.
"Therearen'tmanypeopleinthestreet,"isnegativeand"Howmuchmilkdoyouwant?
"isaquestion.
Grammaticallyspeaking,thereisnothingwrongwith:
"Therearemanypeopleinthepark,"butinspokenEnglish,we'refarmorelikelyuse:
"Therearelotsofpeopleinthepark."
Butinmoreformalwriting,it'sprobablytruethatweprefer'many'and'much'to'alotof'and'lotsof',soifyou'respeakingorwritingtofriends,itshouldbe:
"Therearelotsofcarsinthestreet,"or"Peoplehavewrittenalotaboutit."
Butifyouwanttobemoreformal,perhaps"Thereweremanycarsinthestreetthatday"or"Muchhasbeenwrittenaboutit"mightsoundbetter.
'house'and'home'.
'Ahouse'isaphysicalbuilding;ahomeismuch,muchmore.It'ssomethingpsychological-itmeansthatit'snotjustabuilding;it'smorethanjustalocation.
'Ahome'issomewherewhereyoufeelcomfortable;whereyoufeelyoubelong.Quiteoften,it'stheplacewherewegrewup,orwhereourparentsstilllive.
Weoftendivideourlivesintothetimeweare'athome'andthetimeweare'out'.Forthisreason,Iwouldn'tsay:
"Tom'sschooluniformisinhisaunt'shome"OR
"Tom'sschooluniformisathisaunt'shome"
becauseinbothcases,wearesimplyreferringtoaphysicallocation.
Soitwouldbebettertosay:
"Tom'sschooluniformisathisaunt'shouse."
LargeandBig
Neither'large'nor'big'canbeusedwithuncountablenouns.
Thismeans,wecansay:
'Thehousehasa(bigorlarge)garden'-because'garden'iscountable.
However,wecan'tuse'big'or'larg'with'traffic',because'traffic'isuncountable.
Withuncountablenouns,youcanuse'alotof'-forexample:
'There'salotoftrafficontheroadnexttothehouse.'
So,although'large'and'big'areofteninterchangeable,sometimestheyarenot.
'Big'canmean'important',forexample:
'Buyingahouseisaverybigdecision'.
Itcanalsobeusedininformalsituationstomean'older',forexample:
'He'smybigbrother'...
aswellas'successful'or'powerful',forexample:
'Yorkisabigtouristdestination'.
Alsoininformalsituations,wecanuse'big'tomean'doingsomethingtoalargedegree',forexample:
'Sheearnsalotofmoney,butshe'salsoabigspender'-OR...
'I'mabigfanofyours'.
'Big'isusedinalotoffixedphrases,andbecausethesephrasesarefixed,tochange'big'to'large'wouldsoundwrong.Examplesoffixedphrasesusing'big'include:
'It'snobigdeal'-it'snotreallyimportant.
'Ihavebigideasforthishouse'-impressiveplansforthefuture.
'She'sabigmouth'-apersonwhocan'tbetrustedtokeepasecret.
'He'stoobigforhisboots'-tooproudofhimself.
Therearealsosomefixedphrasesusing'large'.
Examplesinclude:
'Theprisonersareatlarge'-theyhaveescapedandmaycauseharm.
'She'slargerthanlife'-moreexcitingoramusingthanmostpeople.
Finally,quantitywords....
'large',moreoftenthan'big',isusedwiththefollowingquantitywords:
'alargeamount','onalargescale','alargenumberof','alargequantityof','alargeproportion','toalargeextent','alargepercentageof','alargepartof','alargevolume'and'alargearea'.
Articles:
'the','a','an'?
Thebasicruleisthatweuse'a'or'an'forcountablenouns,whenwe'reintroducingthemforthefirsttime.
Forexample,wemightsay:
"Iwatchedafilmyesterday."
Thisisthefirsttimethefilmhasbeenmentioned,andthelistenerdoesn'tknowwhichfilmwe'retalkingabout,soweuse'a'.
'The'isusedwhenwe'rediscussingsomethingandweexpectthatthelisteneralreadyknowswhichthingwe'retalkingabout.
Forexample:
"Iwatchedafilmyesterday,butitwasn'tasgoodasthefilmwewatchedlastweek."
Wesay'the'filmwewatchedlastweekbecausethisfilmisn'tsomethingnew.Wealreadyknowaboutthisfilmbecausewewatcheditlastweek.
Wecanalsouse'the'insentenceslikethis:
"TheplanetEarthisround."
DoweknowwhichplanetEarth?
Yes,ofcoursewedo,becausethereisonlyoneplanetEarth.Weuse'the'whenwe'retalkingaboutsomethingthat'sunique.
So,let'slookatyourfirstexample...
"Ifyouliveinaforeigncountry,youshouldtryandlearnthelanguage."
Doweknowwhichlanguage?
Yeswedo-it'sthelanguagewhichisspokeninthatcountry.
Forexample,wemightsay:
"IfyouliveinPoland,youshouldtryandlearnthelanguage."
Inthiscase,thatlanguagewouldbePolishbecausethat'sthelanguagespokeninPoland(andyes,therearecountrieswheremorethanonelanguageisspoken,butlet'snotworryaboutthatfornow).
Unfortunatelytherearemanyexceptionstothisrule.Wedon'thaveenoughtimetotalkaboutalltheexceptionshere,butlet'slookatyoursecondexample:
"Wemissedourtrainbecausewewerewaitingonthewrongplatform."
Doweknowwhichwrongplatform?
Actuallyno,wedon't,theremaybemanywrongplatformsinthisexample.Infact,whenweusetheadjectivesrightandwrong,wealmostalwaysusethearticle'the'.
Therearesomeexceptionstothis-forexample,wesay:
"Itookawrongturn."
AsIsaidbefore,thearticlerulesareextremelycomplex.Afteryoufullyunderstandthebasicruleandthemainexceptions,it'sreallynotworthwhiletryingtoworkoutwhatrulesgoverneachexception;it'sjustnothelpfultotrytothinkaboutitthisway.
acceptvsexcept
Acceptisaverb,whichmeanstoagreetotakesomething.
Forexample:
"Ialwaysacceptgoodadvice."
Exceptisaprepositionorconjunction,whichmeansnotincluding.
Forexample:
"IteacheverydayexceptSunday(s)."
advicevsadvise
Adviceisanoun,whichmeansanopinionthatsomeoneoffersyouaboutwhatyoushoulddoorhowyoushouldactinaparticularsituation.
Forexample:
"Ineedsomeonetogivemesomeadvice."
Adviseisaverb,whichmeanstogiveinformationandsuggesttypesofaction.
Forexample:
"Iadviseeverybodytobenicetotheirteacher."
!
OfteninEnglishthenounformendsin...iceandtheverbformendsin...ise.
affectvseffect
Affectandeffectaretwowordsthatarecommonlyconfused.
affectisusuallyaverb(action)-effectisusuallyanoun(thing)
Hint:
Ifit'ssomethingyou'regoingtodo,use"affect."Ifit'ssomethingyou'vealreadydone,use"effect."
Toaffectsomethingorsomeone.
Meaning:
toinfluence,actupon,orchangesomethingorsomeone.
Forexample:
Thenoiseoutsideaffectedmyperformance.
Tohaveaneffectonsomethingorsomeone
!
Note:
effectisfollowedbytheprepositiononandprecededbyanarticle(an,the)
Meaning:
tohaveanimpactonsomethingorsomeone.
Forexample:
Hissmilehadastrangeeffectonme.
!
Effectcanalsomean"theendresult".
Forexample:
Thedrughasmanyadversesideeffects.
allrightvsalright
Allrighthasmultiplemeanings.Itcanmeanok,acceptable,unhurt.
Thesinglewordspellingalrighthasneverbeenacceptedasstandard.
HoweverinasearchonGoogleyou'llgetaround68,700,000hitsforalrightand163,000,000for"allright".So,itmightbecomearespectedalternativespelling.PersonallyIhavenoproblemwithit,butwhatdootherpeoplethink:
-
KingsleyAmisTheKing'sEnglish1997:
"Istillfeelthattoinscribealrightisgross,crass,coarseandtobeavoided,andInowsayso.Itsinterdictionisaspureanexampleaspossibleofarulewithoutareason,andinmycasemaywellshownothingbuthowtenaciousaholdearlytrainingcantake."
BillBrysonTroublesomeWords1997:
"Agoodcasecouldbemadeforshorteningallrighttoalright....English,however,isafickletongueandalrightcontinuestobelookedonasilliterateandunacceptableandconsequentlyitoughtnevertoappearinseriouswriting."
RobertBurchfieldTheNewFowler'sModernEnglishUsage1997:
"Alright...isthedemoticform.Itispreferred,tojudgefromtheevidenceIhaveassembled,bypopularsourcesliketheBritishmagazinesTheFace...NewMusicalExpressandSounds,theAmericanmagazineBlackWorld,theAustralianjournalSoutherly,theSocialistWorker,bypopularsingers...andhardlyeverbywritersofstanding...Itiscommonplaceinprivatecorrespondence,especiallyinthatofthemoderatelyeducatedyoung.AlmostallotherprintedworksinBritainandabroadusethemoretraditionalform..."
(Atwhichpointintheredidyoufirstgettheurgetosmackhim?
)
GrahamKingTheTimesWriter'sGuide2001:
Ifweacceptalready,altogetherandalmost,whynotalright?
Althoughitcarrieswithitthewhiffofgrammaticalillegitimacyitisandhasbeenincommonuseforacentury..."
alone/lonely
Alone,canbeusedasanadjectiveoradverb.Eitherusemeanswithoutotherpeopleoronyourown.
Forexample:
"Helikeslivingalone."
"Ithinkwe'realonenow."=Therearejustthetwoofushere.
Lonelyisanadjectivewhichmeansyouareunhappybecauseyouarenotwithotherpeople.
Forexample:
"Thehousefeelslonelynowthatallthechildrenhavelefthome."
!
Note-Justbecauseyou'realone,doesn'tmeanyou'relonely.
alot/alot/allot
Alot,meaningalargeamountornumberofpeopleorthings,canbeusedtomodifyanoun.
Forexample:
-
"Ineedalotoftimetodevelopthiswebsite."
Itcanalsobeusedasanadverb,meaningverymuchorveryoften.
Forexample:
-
"Ilookalotlikemysister."
Ithasbecomeacommonterminspeech;andisinc
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