完整word版外经贸跨文化交际导论期末考试重要概念.docx
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完整word版外经贸跨文化交际导论期末考试重要概念.docx
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完整word版外经贸跨文化交际导论期末考试重要概念
EdwardHallthefounderofICC
■EdwardHallconceptualizedthisnewfieldofICCintheearly1950s。
■TheSilentLanguage(Hall,1959)isconsideredtheclassicfundamentalbookofICCstudy.
CommunicationDefined
Communicationcansimplyrefertotheactandprocessofsendingandreceivingmessagesamongpeople
“Communicationoccurswhenevermeaningisattributedtobehaviorortheresidueofbehavior.”
■Attributionmeansthatwedrawuponourpastexperiencesandgivemeaningtothebehaviorthatweobserve.
■Residuereferstothosethingsthatremainasarecordofouractions.
■Asenderreferstothepersonwhosendsthemessage,whileareceiveristheonewhoreceivesthemessage。
■Amessage–verbalornonverbal–carriesideasfromonepersontoanother。
Averbalmessageincludesoralmessageandwrittenmessage.Anonverbalmessagehasmoreuncertaintiesthantheverbalone.
■Medium/Channelreferstothewaysforsendingandreceivingmessages。
Differentmessagesaskfordifferentchannels。
■Noisereferstothedisturbancesalongthecommunicationprocesses,whichmayresultinunintendedmessageperceivedbythereceiver.
■Feedbackreferstothereactionfromthemessagereceivertothemessagesender.Feedbackcanbefurtherdividedintotwopairs:
positivefeedbackvs.negativefeedback;
internalfeedbackvs。
externalfeedback。
■Encodingreferstotheprocessofthesenderputtingthemessageintoasignal(theencodedmessage);
■Decodingreferstotheprocessofthereceiverinterpretingthesignalfromthesender。
Definitionofculture
Cultureistheartsandothermanifestationofhumanintellectualachievementregardedcollectively。
Communicationisculture,andcultureiscommunication。
Thecultureisbothaninfluencefactorforbehavioraswellasaninterpretationfactorofbehavior.
■Culturemaybeclassifiedbythreelargecategoriesofelements:
ØArtifact(whichincludeitemsrangingfromarrowheadstohydrogenbombs,magiccharmstoelectriclights,andchariotstojetplanes)
ØConcepts(whichincludesuchbeliefsorvaluesystemsasrightorwrong,Godandman,ethnic,andthegeneralmeaningoflife)
ØBehavior(whichreferstotheactualpracticeofconceptsorbeliefs)
Ethnocentrismisauniversaltendencyforanypeopletoputitsowncultureandsocietyinacentralpositionofpriorityandworth。
ConceptofValues
⏹ConciseOxfordDictionarydefinesvaluesas“One’sprinciplesorstandards,one’sjudgmentofwhatisvaluableorimportantinlife.”
⏹Hofstedesaysvaluesare“abroadtendencytoprefercertainstatesofaffairsoverothers。
”
⏹Kluckhohnsaysvaluesare“aconception,explicitorimplicit,distinctiveofanindividualorcharacteristicofagroup,ofthedesirablewhichinfluencestheselectionfromavailablemodes,means,andendsofaction。
”
⏹Avaluesystem,asAlbertnotes,“representswhatisexpectedorhopedfor,requiredorforbidden.Itisnotareportofactualconductbutisthesystemofcriteriabywhichconductisjudgedandsanctionsapplied。
”
Hofstedestatesthatthesefourlevelsembodythetotalconceptofculturelikeanonionwith4layers:
symbols,heroes,rituals,andvalues.
⏹Symbolsarethefirst“skinoftheonion",theouterlayer,whicharewords,gestures,pictures,orobjectsthatcarryaparticularmeaningonlyrecognizedbythosewhosharetheculture,e。
g.words,dress,hairstyles,flags,etc。
Symbolsrepresentthemostsuperficialandtheeasiesttoperceivebyanoutsiderandtheleastimportanttoaninsider。
⏹“Heroes"isatermusedtoindicatepersons,ordinaryorfamous,realorimagery,aslongastheypossesscharacteristicsthatarehighlyprizedandworshippedinaculture,e。
g.YueFei,GeorgeWashington,etc.Theworshipandheroesarelessobvioustotheeyethansymbols.
⏹Ritualsarethosecollectiveactivitiesthatareconsideredsociallyessentialwithinaculture.Theyarecarriedoutfortheirownsake。
⏹Valuesaresocialprinciples,goals,orstandardsacceptedbypersonsinaculture.Valuesarethedeepestmanifestationsofcultureandthemostdifficulttounderstandbyanoutsider.
KluckholnandStrodtbeck’svaluesorientations
⏹HumanNature
⏹RelationshiptoNature
⏹SenseofTimeActivity
⏹Activity
⏹SocialRelationships
Hofstede’sfourculturaldimensions
⏹Individualismvs。
Collectivism
⏹Powerdistance
⏹Uncertaintyavoidance
⏹Masculinityvs.Femininity
ØIndividualismindicatestheextenttowhichasocietyisalooselyknitsocialframeworkinwhichpeoplearesupposedtotakecareofonlyofthemselvesandtheirimmediatefamilies。
ØCollectivismemphasizescommoninterests,conformity,cooperation,andinterdependence.Itindicatesatightsocialframeworkinwhichpeopledistinguishbetweenin—groupsandout-groupsandexpecttheirin—groupstolookafterthem。
ØIn-groupsincludesyourimmediatefamily,yourextendedfamily,yourrelatives,youracquaintances,yourfriends,yourclassmates,yourcolleaguesetc。
–peopleyouregardaspartofyourgroup,thosewhoareclosetoyou,whohaveacloserrelationwithyou.
ØOut-groupreferstopeoplewhoarebasicallystrangers,whoonlyhavebusinessrelationshipswithyou,whoarenotclosetoyou。
ØPowerdistanceindicatestheextenttowhichasocietyacceptsthefactthatpowerininstitutionsandorganizationsisdistributedunequallyamongindividuals。
ØUncertaintyavoidanceindicatestheextenttowhichasocietyfeelsthreatenedbyambiguoussituationandtriestoavoidthembyprovidingrules,believinginabsolutetruths,andrefusingtotoleratedeviance.
ØMasculinityindicatestheextenttowhichthedominantvaluesinasocietytendtowardsassertiveness,acquisitionofthingsandawayfromconcernforpeople,andthequalityoflife。
Masculinityimpliesaggressivenessandassertiveness;
ØFemininitystressesnurturing,caringattentiontopeople’sfeelingsandneeds。
ØInhigh—contextculturesmostoftheinformationisinthephysicalcontextorisinternalizedinthepeoplewhoareapartoftheinteraction。
Verylittleinformationisactuallycodedintheverbalmessage.Peopletendtobemoreawareoftheirsurroundingsandtheirenvironmentanddonotrelyonverbalcommunicationastheirmaininformationsource。
Thecontextofthemessageiswellunderstoodbybothsenderandreceiver。
ØInlow—contextcultures,suchasGermanandAmerican,however,mostoftheinformationiscontainedintheverbalmessage,andverylittleisembeddedinthecontextorwithintheparticipants。
Verbalmessagesareextremelyimportantinlow—contextcultures。
Low—contextpeoplewhorelyprimarilyonverbalmessagesforinformationareperceivedaslessattractiveandlesscrediblebypeopleinhigh-contextcultures.
languagedeterminism(Sapir&Whorf)
Theyconcludedthatlanguagenotonlyservesasamechanismforcommunication,butasaguidetosocialreality。
Denotationalvs。
connotationalmeanings
⏹Denotationalmeaningsrefertodefinitionmeaningdependinguponourchoiceofwordselection-adictionarydefinition。
⏹Connotationalmeaningsrefertoextendedmeaningsorassociatedmeanings,e.g.throughusebypeopleandespeciallybypoetsandwriters。
⏹
Chinesevs.Westernthoughtpatterns
⏹Chinesefocusmoreonsynthesis,imagination,unity,subjectivity,andinductivereasoning.
⏹Westernerspaymoreattentiontoanalysis,logic,dichotomy,objectivityanddeductivereasoning.
⏹
Linearandnon-linearlanguage
⏹Linearlanguagehasabeginningandanend,islogical,andobjectoriented。
Itlooksontimeasacontinuumofpast,presentandfuture。
⏹Nonlinearlanguageiscircular,traditionorientedandsubjective.Non-linearlanguagessuchasChinese,lookattimeascyclicalandtheseasonsasanever—repeatingpattern.
⏹
Deductiveandinductivepatterns
⏹Inductionisareasoningprocessinwhichparticularorminorpointsmovetowardsgeneralormajortopic.
⏹Deductionisareasoningprocessinwhichgeneralormajortopicmovetowardsparticularorminorpoints.
⏹TheChineseseemtohaveapreferencefortheinductivebecauseoftheirreluctancetoimpose。
⏹Thewesternershaveapreferenceforthedeductivebecausetheywanttoshowtheirreadinesstoinvolveinaconversation。
⏹Theuseofrulesofspeakingfromone’sownnativespeechcommunitywheninteractingwithmembersofthehostspeechcommunityorsimplywhenspeakinginasecondlanguageisknownaspragmatictransfer.
⏹Pragmaticfailureisthe“inabilitytounderstandwhatismeantbywhatissaid,”andiscausedbypragmatictransfer。
Pragmaticfailurecanbefurtherclassifiedintopragmalinguisticfailureandsociopragmaticfailure。
–Theformeroccurswhenspeechactstrategiesareinappropriatelytransferredfromthefirstlanguagetothesecondlanguage.
–Thelatterstemsfromcross—culturallydifferentperceptionsofwhatconstitutesappropriatelinguisticbehavior。
Definitionofnonverbalcommunication
●Nonverbalcommunicationisreferredtoas“metacommunication,paralinguistics,second-ordermessages,thesilentlanguage,andthehiddendimensionofcommunication。
"(Hall,1959)
●Nonverbalcommunicationis“allthosemessagesthatpeopleexchangebeyondthewordsthemselves。
”(JudeeK.Burgoon,1996)
●Nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallnonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthataregeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathavepotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver。
(SamovarandPorter,1989)
●Toputitinasimpleway,nonverbalcommunicationreferstocommunicationwithouttheuseofwords,thoughthedefinitionsdifferfromoneexperttoanother。
Functionsofnonverbalcommunication
●
(1)Replacing;
(2)Regulating;
●(3)Conveying;(4)Modifying;
●(5)Repeating;(6)Co
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