英语四级真题及答案汇编.docx
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英语四级真题及答案汇编.docx
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英语四级真题及答案汇编
英语四级真题及答案
SectionB
Directions:
Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.
TheGataisusedtofrownwhentheyreceivedpowerbillsthatroutinelytopped$200.LastSeptemberthecouplemovedintoa1,500-square-foothomeinPremierGardens,asubdivisionof95"zero-energyhomes"(ZEH)justoutsidetown.Nowthey'reactuallyeagertoseetheirelectricitybills.Thegrandtotaloverthe10monthsthey'velivedinthethree-bedroomhouse:
$75.Forthepasttwomonthstheyhaven'tpaidacent.
ZEHcommunitiesaretheleadingedgeoftechnologiesthatmightsomedaycreatehousesthatproduceasmuchenergyastheyconsume.PremierGardensisoneofahalf-dozensubdivisionsinCaliforniawhereeveryhomecutspowerconsumptionby50%,mostlybyusinglow-powerappliancesandsolarpanels.
Asidefromthepanelsontheroof,PremierGardenslookslikeacommunityofconventionalhomes.Butinside,specialwindowscutpowerbillsbyblockingsolarheatinsummerandretainingindoorwarmthinwinter.
Therestoftheenergysavingscomesfromthesolarunits.Theydon'tjustfeedthehometheyserve.Iftheygeneratemorepowerthanthehomeisusing,theexcessflowsintotheutility'spowergrid(电网).Theresidentsarebilledby"netmetering":
theypayfortheamountofpowertheytapoffthegrid,lessthekilowatts(千瓦)theyfeedintoit.Ifahomegeneratesmorepowerthanituses,thebilliszero.
Thatsoundslikeabaddealforthepowercompany,butit'snot.Solarhomesproducethemostpoweronthehotsunnyafternoonswheneveryonerusheshometoturnuptheairconditioner."Ithelpsuslowerusageatpeakpowertimes,"sayssolarexpertMikeKeesee."Thatletsusavoidbuildingcostlyplantsorbuyingexpensivepoweratpeakusagetime."
What'snottolike?
Mostlythecosts.Thespecialfeaturescanadd$25,000ormoretothepurchasepriceofahouse.Taxbreaksbringthecostdown,especiallyinCalifornia,butinmanystatesZEHscanbeprohibitivelyexpensive.Fortheconsumer,it'samatterofpayingnowforthehardwaretosavelaterontheutilities.
58.WhyaretheGataiseagertoseetheirelectricitybillsnow?
A.Theywanttoseehowmuchtheyhavesaved.
B.Theywanttocutdowntheirutilityexpenses.
C.Theywanttoknowiftheyareabletopay.
D.Theywanttoavoidbeingovercharged.
59.WhatisspecialabouttheZEHcommunities?
A.Theyhavecreatedcutting-edgetechnologies.
B.Theyaimtobeself-sufficientinpowersupply.
C.Theyaresubdividedintohalfadozensections.
D.Theyarebuiltinharmonywiththeenvironment.
60.HowaretheresidentsintheZEHcommunitiesbilledforelectricityuse?
A.Theyareonlychargedfortheamountofpowertheyconsumeonrainydays.
B.Theyneedn'tpayasinglecentfortheirpowerconsumptiononsunnydays.
C.Theyonlypayfortheexcesspowerthatflowsintotheutility'spowergrid.
D.Theypayfortheelectricityfromthegridlesstheirhome-generatedpower.
61.Whatdoesthe"netmetering"practicemeantothepowercompany?
A.Morepressureatpeaktime.
B.Lessprofitsintheshortterm.
C.Increasedelectricityoutput.
D.Reducedoperationalcosts.
62.TheauthorbelievesthatbuyingahouseinaZEHcommunity______.
A.isbutadreamforaverageconsumers
B.givestheownersubstantialtaxbenefits
C.isaworthyinvestmentinthelongrun
D.contributestoenvironmentalprotection
Romanticlovehasclearevolutionaryrootsbutourviewsaboutwhatmakesanidealromanticrelationshipcanbeswayedbythesocietywelivein.SosayspsychologistMaureenO'SullivanfromtheUniversityofSanFrancisco.Shesuggeststhathumanshavealwaystriedtostrengthenthepair-bondtomaximise(使最大化)reproductivesuccess.
Manysocietiesthroughouthistoryandaroundtheworldtodayhavecultivatedstrongpressurestostaymarried.Inthosewheretiestofamilyandcommunityarestrong,lifelongmarriagescanbepromotedbypracticessuchastheculturalprohibitionofdivorceandarrangedmarriagesthatareseenasacontractbetweentwofamilies,notjusttwoindividuals.Inmodernwesternsocieties,however,thefocusonindividualityandindependencemeansthatpeoplearelessconcernedaboutconformingto(遵守)thedictatesoffamilyandculture.Intheabsenceofsocietalpressurestomaintainpair-bonds,O'Sullivansuggeststhatromanticlovehasincreasinglycometobeseenasthefactorthatshoulddeterminewhowestaywithandforhowlong."That'swhyhistoricallyweseeanincreaseinromanticloveasabasisforforminglong-termrelationships,"shesays.
AccordingtoO'Sullivanculturealsoshapesthesortsoffeelingsweexpecttohave,andactuallydoexperience,wheninlove.Althoughthenegativeemotionsassociatedwithromanticlove—fearofloss,disappointmentandjealousy—arefairlyconsistentacrosscultures,thepositivefeelingscanvary."IfyouaskJapanesestudentstolistthepositiveattributestheyexpectinaromanticpartner,theyratehighlythingslikeloyalty,commitmentanddevotion,"saysO'Sullivan."IfyouaskAmericancollegewomen,theyexpecteverythingunderthesun:
inadditiontobeingcommitted,partnershavetobeamusing,funnyandafriend."
Wejudgeapotentialpartneraccordingtoourspecificculturalexpectationsaboutwhatromanticloveshouldfeellike.Ifyoubelievethatyouhavefoundtrueromance,andyourculturetellsyouthatthisiswhatalong-termrelationshipshouldbebasedon,thereislessneedtorelyonsocialorfamilypressurestokeepcouplestogether,O'Sullivanargues.
63.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutpeople'sviewsofanidealromanticrelationship?
A.Theyvaryfromculturetoculture.
B.Theyensurethereproductivesuccess.
C.Theyreflecttheevolutionaryprocess.
D.Theyareinfluencedbypsychologists.
64.Wecaninferfromthepassagethatstrongfamilyandcommunityties______.
A.largelyrelyonmarriagecontracts
B.cancontributetostablemarriages
C.oftenruncountertoromanticlove
D.makedivorcesvirtuallyunacceptable
65.Withoutsocialpressurestokeeppair-bonds,romanticlove______.
A.willbeasubstituteformarriageinhumanrelationships
B.playsakeyroleinmaintaininglong-termrelationships
C.islikelytoreplacethedictatesoffamilyandsociety
D.isawaytodevelopindividualityandindependence
66.O'Sullivanbelievesthatwhenpeoplefromdifferentculturesfallinlove,______.
A.theyexpectdifferentthingsfromtheirpartner
B.theytendtoexaggerateeachother'spositivequalities
C.theyoftenfailtoseeeachother'snegativequalities
D.theylaymoreemphasisoncommitmentanddevotion
67.Wecanconcludefromthepassagethat______.
A.culturaldifferencesoftentearapartafamilybuiltonromanticlove
B.marriagesarehardtosustainwithoutsocialorfamilypressures
C.romanticloveisbecomingincreasinglyimportantinfamilyrelationships
D.romanticlovetendstoyieldwherefamilyorsocialpressuresarestrong
PassageOne
Questions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Inrecentyears,agrowingbodyofresearchhasshownthatourappetiteandfoodintakeareinfluencedbyalargenumberoffactorsbesidesourbiologicalneedforenergy,includingoureatingenvironmentandourperceptionofthefoodinfrontofus.Studieshaveshown,forinstance,thateatinginfrontoftheTV(orasimilardistraction)canincreasebothhungerandtheamountoffoodconsumed.Evensimplevisualcues,likeplatesizeandlighting,havebeenshowntoaffectportionsizeandconsumption.Anewstudysuggestedthatourshort-termmemoryalsomayplayaroleinappetite.Severalhoursafterameal,people’shungerlevelswerepredictednotbyhowmuchthey’deatenbutratherbyhowmuchfoodthey’dseeninfrontofthem—inotherwords,howmuchtheyrememberedeating.Thisdisparity(差异)suggeststhememoryofourpreviousmealmayhaveabiggerinfluenceonourappetitethantheactualsizeofthemeal,saysJeffreyM.Brunstrom,aprofessorofexperimentalpsychologyattheUniversityofBristol.“Hungerisn’tcontrolledsolelybythephysicalcharacteristicsofarecentmeal.Wehaveidentifiedanindependentroleformemoryforthatmeal,”Brunstromsays.“Thisshowsthattherelationshipbetweenhungerandfoodintakeismorecomplexthanwethought.”Thesefindingsechoearlierresearchthatsuggestsourperceptionoffoodcansometimestrickourbody’sresponsetothefooditself.Ina2011study,forinstance,peoplewhodrankthesame380-calorie(卡路里)milkshakeontwoseparateoccasionsproduceddifferentlevelsofhunger-relatedhormones(荷尔蒙),dependingonwhethertheshake’slabelsaiditcontained620or140calories.Moreover,theparticipantsreportedfeelingmorefullwhentheythoughtthey’dconsumedahigher-calorieshake.Whatdoesthismeanforoureatinghabits?
Althoughithardlyseemspracticaltotrickourselvesintoeatingless,thenewfindingsdohighlightthebenefitsoffocusingonourfoodandavoidingTVandmultitaskingwhileeating.Theso-calledmindful-eatingstrategiescanfightdistractionsandhelpuscontrolourappetite,Brunstromsays.
注意:
此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
56.Whatissaidtobeafactoraffectingourappetiteandfoodintake?
A)Howweperceivethefoodweeat.C)Whenweeatourmeals.
B)Whatingredientsthefoodcontains.D)Howfastweeatourmeals.
57.Whatwouldhappenatmealtimeifyourememberedeatingalotinthepreviousmeal?
A)Youwouldprobablybemorepickyaboutfood.
B)Youwouldnotfeellikeeatingthesamefood.
C)Youwouldhaveagoodappetite.
D)Youwouldnotfeelsohungry.
58
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