一些常用的SCI论文句式.docx

一些常用的SCI论文句式.docx

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一些常用的SCI论文句式

一些常用的SCI论文句式

写英文文章经常要重复讲一个说法讲几次，但描述方式不能太祥林嫂，所以备好一些常用句式还是相当有用的。

以下的句式主要来源于Science，Nature，Immunity，JEM，JCI和JI。

这些句式都很地道，决不山寨，希望对有需要的朋友有用。

热点，广泛关注、研究

1．ThemechanismsgoverningthehomeostasisofmemoryTcellshavebeenanareaofintenseinvestigation.

2．Extensiveworkhasbeendoneintheareaofcytokinesignaling.

3．Notunexpectedly,thenewest‘lineage’ofhelperTcells,TH-17cells,alsoreceivedagreatdealofattentionattheRingbergmeeting.

4.WhiletheinteractionsofDCwithnaiveTcellswithinLNhavebeenanalysedindetail,…

5.WhileinteractionsofDCwithnaiveTcellsinLNhavebeenextensivelyexaminedby2P-IVM,

6.Althoughthesignalsthatcontrolneutrophilmigrationfromthebloodtositesofinfectionhavebeenwellcharacterized,littleisknownabouttheirmigrationpatternswithinlymphnodesorthestrategiesthatneutrophilsusetofindtheirlocalsitesofaction.

不像B，which…，A…

1.UnlikenaiveTcells,whichsurvivelargelyininterphase,memoryTcellspersistundernormalconditionswithaslowbutconstantturnover.

像…一样

1．AswithnaiveTcells,memoryTcellsarealsocapableofundergoingmorerapidcelldivisionunderlymphopenicconditions,knownasacute

homeostaticproliferation.

…已有共识

1．Thereisnowageneralconsensusthattwomembersofthecommonγchaincytokinefamily,namelyIL-7andIL-15,controlthehomeostasisofCD8+

memorycells

…仍不清楚

1.However,thefactorsthatgovernthehomeostasisofCD4+memorycellshaveyettobefullydefined.

2.Althoughmoleculardetailsoftheprocessarepoorlyunderstood.

3.AlthoughwhythissubsetofTcellsisuniquelysensitivetoIL-2iscurrentlyunclear.

4.experimentsdirectlyinterrogatingthephysiologicalrequirements

forDC-producedIL-2haveyettobepublished.

5.Amongthequestionsthatremaintoberesolvedare

howIL-2mayplaybothsupportiveandrestrictiverolesinthesametransgenicOT-1CD8+Tcells.

6.ThecauseofthisdiseasehasbeenelusivebecausetheSAPgeneisnotaffectedinXLP2patients.

7．ThemainsourceofIL-17atthelocalsiteofinflammationstillremainsunknown.

8.WhethersuchamechanismisrelevanttoCD4+Thelpercellsremainsanopenissue.

9.WhetherthefailuretosilenceTRAILsynthesisuponrechallengeexplainsthisexampleofAICDremainstobeinvestigated.

10.WhetherthereceivingcellmustmakecontactwiththeproducingcellorwhetherthereisaroleforsolubleIL-15/IL-15RαcomplexesinCD8+memoryTcellhomeostasisisnotclear.

11.ButthequestionofwhethertheyneedtonicsignalsviatheirTCRisstillopen.

12.ExactlywhatCD4+TcellsprovidetomaintainCD8+Tcellmemoryremainsamystery.

13．LargequestionsremainastohowchemokinesignalingregulatesorisregulatedtocoordinatethecomplexinvivodynamicsoftheTlymphocytes。

14.However,whathasnotbeendelineatedistheresponseofeffectorTcellsatnonlymphoidtissuesiteswhentheyreencounterAg.

15.ThepreciseroleofIL-2intheregulationofCD8TcellresponsestoforeignAginvivohoweverremainsenigmatic.

16．OurunderstandingofthedevelopmentalcontrolofV（D）Jrecombinationontheonehand,andthatofcellproliferation,death,andsurvivalduringdifferentiationontheother,isstillfragmentary.

…已经得到公认

1．Itiswellacceptedthattwocytokines,namelyIL-7andIL-15,areinvolvedinmaintainingthenumbersofCD8memorycellsinvivo（145–147）.

与…相似

1．Inaddition,thereisahigh-affinityreceptorforIL-15,referredtoasIL-15Rα,anditwasthought,inanalogywiththeIL-2R,thatathree-chaincomplex,αβγ,wasthereceptorforIL-15onNKcellsandmemoryCD8+Tcells.

仍存在争议

1．Itwasclearthatthereisnoshortageofcontroversy.

可以肯定地说

1．Itissafetosay,infact,thatthereisalongwaytogobeforethefieldfullyunderstandstheprocessofeffectorandmemorycelldifferentiation,therelationshipsamongthesepost-activationcellfatesandtheextenttowhichanygivenTcelladoptsafixedversusaflexiblefunctionalprogramafterantigenactivation.

2.Thereisnodoubtimmunologicalresearchhasbeenboostedbythe

recentapplicationof2P-IVM

依赖、需要

1．Ag-specificmemoryCD8+cells,ontheotherhand,arelessdependentonIL-15,relyingmoreonIL-7,butstillrequireIL-15forbasalhomeostaticproliferationandlong-termmaintenance

2．Furthermore,robustCD8recallresponsesappeartobeparticularlyreliantonCD8costimulationvia4-1BB.

A与B之间的差异

1．ThediscrepancyinthehomeostaticrequirementsforAg-specificmemoryversusMPcellsappearsevengreaterforCD4+thanCD8+cells.

与…一致,相符

1．Consistentwiththisnotion,recentstudieshaveshownthatIL-7isessentialforthesurvivalandbasalhomeostaticturnoverofAg-specificCD4+memorycells.

2.SimilarlybroadexpressionofIL-2andIL-15receptorsdonotcoincidewellwiththehighlyrestrictedrolesthatIL-2andIL-15appeartoplayinthymicdevelopment.

3．ThedistinctfunctionsofIL-2,IL-15,andIL-7signalsinnaiveTcellhomeostasiscorrespondwellwiththeexpressionpatternsofthevariousreceptorchains.

4.Acomparisonofwild-typeandCD25?

/?

CD8+TcellssidebysideinamixedradiationchimerafollowingLCMVorListeriainfectionrevealedthattheknockoutcellscoulddivideasfastaswild-typecellsandaccumulatetolargenumbersofeffectors（54）,inlinewithpreviousfindings.

5．TheseexperimentsarealsoinagreementwithphysiologicalstudiesshowingthatTcellsactivatedbysolublepeptideinvivoarenotcommittedtotoleranceafter3d

6.Resultspresentedinthisworkdonotcontradictthishypothesis,butsuggestthatinadditiontoitsfunctionasa“Tcellgraveyard,”thelivermayplayaroleinprimaryactivationofCD81TcellsspecificforAgspresentedwithintheliver,includingpeptidesdeliveredbythei.v.route.

被迫

1．TheseeffectorTcellsundergoadramaticcontractioninnumbersafterantigenclearance,with90–95%succumbingtoapoptosiswithin

weeks.

与…相反,相反地…

1.IncontrasttoCD8memoryTcells,CD4memoryTcellsmaynotrequirethesignalsthroughcommoncytokinereceptorchain.

2.Bycontrast,IL-2signalingmayplayamajorroleinthedifferentiationofregulatoryTcells

3.ContrarytoT-cellrecognitionofpeptidesprocessedandpresentedonMHCmoleculesbyDC,immunoglobulinreceptorsonBcellsrecognizeintactproteinantigensintheirnativestate.

参与了

1.Thepolycombgroup（PcG）geneBmi1hasrecentlybeenimplicatedinthemaintenanceofhematopoietic…

2.anintrinsichistoneH3-K27methyltransferaseactivity,whichimplicatesalikelymechanismforPcG-mediatedgenesilencing.

本课题研究了…在…的作用

1.WehereininvestigatedtheroleofBmi1inthegenerationandmaintenanceofmemoryCD4+Th1/Th2cells.

研究（清楚）表明…

1.OurresultsindicatethatBmi1controlsmemoryCD4TcellsurvivalandfunctionthroughthedirectrepressionoftheNoxagene.

2.However,follow-upstudieshavenotrevealedanobviousdefectinthymicselection

3.MultipleinvitrostudiesdemonstratethatTcellactivationdependsonthepresenceofIL-2.

4.TheresultsconclusivelydemonstratedthatIL-2wasdispensable

asagrowthfactorforantiviralCD8Tcellsinsecondarylymphoid

tissues

在…方面缺乏让人信服的证据

1．Compellingevidenceinthisregardiscurrentlylacking.

与…相比

1.AlthoughtheexpressionlevelsofIL-7R_andIL-2R_wereslightlyloweronBmi1_/_memoryTh2cellsascomparedwithwild-typecells.

静脉过继转移到…

1.（Aand

Bmi1+/+,Bmi1+/_,orBmi1_/_effectorTh2（A）orTh1（

cellswithDO11.10TgbackgroundwereintravenouslytransferredintoBALB/cnu/numice.

大量的证据表明…

1．Hence,despiteaplethoraofinvitroevidenceshowingthatIL-2wascriticalforsupportingTcellactivation,thedominantphysiologicalfunctionofIL-2signalsinvivoistorestrainTcellactivationandpreventautoimmunity.

A对B很重要

1．IL-2isclearlyessential/criticalforTregdifferentiation.

2．Thenon-homologousDNAend-joining（NHEJ）pathwayhasanessentialroleinjoiningdouble-strandbreaks（DSBs）generatedbytheRAGproteinsduringV（D）Jrecombination;

3.CD4+TcellsplayanessentialroleinpromotingtheinitialexpansionofCD8+Tcellsrespondingtoinitialantigenchallengewhenantigencomesfromarelativelynoninflammatoryimmunogen.

4.OneattractivepossibilityisthatthesubsetofendogenouslyactivatedCD4+TcellsthatexpresslowlevelsofCD25andmakenumerouscytokinesarekeytomaintainingCD8+memoryTcells.

5．DCsarecentraltotheprimingofbothprimaryandsecondaryCD8+Tcellresponses.

6.OurresultsthereforesuggestthatTLRscanplayacrucialroleinshapingthedevelopmentoftheadaptiveimmunesystem.

引出…问题

1．TheseresultsraisethequestionoftheextenttowhichthesuppressiveactionsofTGF-βandIL-27aremediatedbytheircapacitytopromoteIL-10productionbyothercells.

2．TheobservationthatCD8+TcelldifferentiationisprogrammedafterarelativelyshortexposuretoantigenhasbroughtintoquestionthenatureofCD8+Tcell–DCinteractionsinvivo.

3．TheexpressionofAIDindevelopingBcellsinbothmutantandnormalmice（Maoetal.,2004）raisesquestionsregardingthemechanismofAIDinductionattheseearlystagesofBcelldevelopment.

不奇怪地，可以预期地

1．Notunexpectedly,thenewest‘lineage’ofhelperTcells,TH-17cells,alsoreceivedagreatdealofattentionattheRingbergmeeting.

2.Asexpected,RAG-2expressionisdetectedonlyinpre-BandimmatureBcells,validatingourcell-purificationprocedure.

面对严峻的挑战

1．Thequestionthenbecamehowtotacklesuchadauntingchallenge.

除了…以外

1．AsidefromCD28,perhapsthebestdescribedCD8-specificco