Hamlet.docx
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Hamlet.docx
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Hamlet
《哈姆雷特》(Hamlet)简介
2007-08-1221:
33
《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚创作的一部悲剧作品,无论是新的课标历史教材还是原来根据教学大纲编的历史教材,都把它作为莎士比亚的代表作之一介绍的。
这部作品创作于1602年。
剧情大致是:
哈姆雷特是丹麦王国一位年轻有为的王子,他有魄力、好思索、接近人民、对人类抱有美好的希望。
他正在德国的威登堡大学学习,国内传来噩耗,父王突然惨死,叔叔克劳斯迪篡夺王位,母亲改嫁克劳斯迪。
哈姆雷特回国奔丧,在一天深夜,他在城堡里见到了父亲的鬼魂,父亲的鬼魂告诉了他自己被害的经过:
克劳斯迪趁老哈姆雷特在花园里午睡时,把致命的毒草汁滴进了他的耳朵,并使毒液流入他的全身血管,使他的身上起了无数疱疹,最后夺取了他的生命。
老哈姆雷特要求儿子为他报仇,但不许伤害他的母亲,要让她受到良心的责备。
哈姆雷特知道真相后,精神恍惚,他整天穿着黑色的丧服,一心想着复仇。
一天,他去见自己的恋人首相的女儿奥菲利娅,他又想求爱又想复仇,行为怪诞。
奥菲利娅把王子的情况告诉了首相,首相又报告了克劳斯迪。
克劳斯迪虽然不知道老国王鬼魂出现的事,但他心中有鬼,派人试探哈姆雷特。
哈姆雷特一方面想复仇,一方面又碍于母亲的面子,同时他也不十分确定父亲鬼魂的话,非常苦恼。
哈姆雷特决定要证实克劳斯迪的罪行,正好这时宫中来了一个戏班子,他安排了一出戏,内容是一个维也纳的公爵被他的一个近亲在花园里毒死,不久这个凶手还骗取了公爵夫人的爱。
戏演时,他在旁边注意观察克劳斯迪,见克劳斯迪坐立不安,中途就离去。
哈姆雷特确认了父亲鬼魂的话,决定复仇。
一天,克劳斯迪独自一人的忏悔,哈姆雷特本可以杀死他,可又觉得忏悔中的人被杀后会进入天堂结果罢手。
克劳斯迪派王后劝说哈姆雷特,哈姆雷特与母亲发生争执,误杀了躲在帏幕后偷听的首相。
克劳斯迪以首相的儿子要复仇为由,要将哈姆雷特送往英国,准备借英王之手除掉哈姆雷特。
哈姆雷特识破克劳斯迪的诡计,中途返回丹麦。
当时,奥菲利娅受刺激发疯,落水身亡,哈姆雷特回国时,正赶上她的葬礼。
克劳斯迪挑拨奥菲利娅的哥哥同哈姆雷特决斗,并在暗中准备了毒剑和毒酒。
哈姆雷特第一会合获胜,克劳斯迪假意祝贺送上毒酒,但哈姆雷特没喝。
哈姆雷特第二回合获胜,王后非常高兴,端起原准备给哈姆雷特的毒酒喝了下去。
决斗中,哈姆雷特中了对手的毒剑,但他夺过剑后又击中了对方。
王后中毒死去,奥菲利娅的哥哥也在生命的最后一刻揭露了克劳斯迪的阴谋。
哈姆雷特用最后的一点力气用手中的毒剑击中了克劳斯迪,自己了毒发自亡。
Hamlet:
PlotSummary
丹麦国王新死,在国外求学的王子哈姆雷特回国奔丧,参加的却是母后与叔父克劳迪斯的婚礼。
模样似先王的鬼魂在夜间出现,告诉哈姆雷特是克劳迪斯阴谋杀害了他。
哈姆雷特立志为父复仇。
他开始装疯,有意疏远恋人奥菲莉娅;他请来戏班,按他所写的剧本演出王后与情夫合谋杀害国王的故事,以刺探克劳迪斯的反应。
后者有所警觉,便派人将哈姆雷特送往英国,并指使差人带信,让英王处决哈姆雷特。
但阴谋败露,哈姆雷特回国,得知奥菲莉娅因失恋神经失常溺水而亡。
奥菲莉娅的哥哥雷厄提斯愤怒提出与哈姆雷特决斗,而克劳迪斯则为两人安排了一场击剑比赛,设计让雷厄提斯用沾了毒药的剑将哈姆雷特刺死。
比赛中,哈姆雷特被毒剑刺中,雷厄提斯也受了致命伤,王后误喝了克劳迪斯为哈姆雷特准备的毒酒而身亡。
雷厄提斯临死前说出真相,哈姆雷特杀死了克劳迪斯后也最终死去。
Act1,Scene1
Hamletopenswiththesentry,Francisco,keepingwatchoverthecastleatElsinore.HeisrelievedbyBarnardo,whoisjoinedshortlybyHoratioandMarcellus.BarnardoandMarcellusrevealthattheyhavewitnessedanapparition:
Marcellus.Horatiosays'tisbutourfantasy,
andwillnotletbelieftakeholdofhim,
Touchingthisdreadedsighttwiceseenofus(1.1.23-25).
TheGhostofthelatekingofDenmarkappearsandpromptlywithdrawsintothenight.HoratiorecognizesthearmourcoveringtheGhostandremarksthatitistheveryarmourthattheKingwore"whenhetheambitiousNorwaycombated"(1.1.61).Barnardo,Marcellus,andHoratiosuspectthattheappearanceoftheghostlyKingisanominousmessagetoallofDenmark,astheyprepareforwarwithNorway.Horatiopleadswiththeapparitiontorevealitsintentions:
...stay,illusion;
Ifthouhastanysoundoruseofvoice,
Speaktome,
Iftherebeanygoodthingtobedone
Thatmaytotheedoease,andgracetome,
Speaktome,
Ifthouartprivytothycountry'sfate,
(Whichhappilyforknowingmayavoid)
O,speak!
(1.1.127-35).
TheGhost,however,refusestospeak,anddisappearsasthecockcrows.HoratiodecidestotellPrinceHamletallthathastranspired,forheknowsthattheGhostwillonlyrevealhispurposetohisson.
Act1,Scene2
ThesceneopenswithKingClaudiusofDenmarkgivingamagnificentlyostentatiousspeechonthedeathofhisbrotherandhismarriagetoQueenGertrude,hissister-in-lawandHamlet'smother.Claudiusdispatchestwoofhiscourtiers,CorneliusandVoltimand,toNorwayaspeacekeepers,andhegrantsLaertes,whohascometoDenmarkspecificallyforthecoronationofClaudius,permissiontoreturntohisstudiesinFrance.Withsuchmattersattendedto,Claudiusfocusesonhistroublesomenephew.HecommendsHamletonthelengthandseverityofhismourning,butinsiststhathis"unmanly"griefmustcometoanend.HereassuresHamletthathisfatherlostafather,andhisfatherbeforehim,andsoon.HeimploresHamletnottoreturntohisstudiesinWittenberg,buttoremaininDenmarktofulfillhisroleofcourtier,cousin,andson.GertrudealsopleadswithHamlettostay,andcalmly,heagrees:
"Ishallinallmybestobeyyou,madam"(1.2.120).SatisfiedwithHamlet'sanswer,theroyalcoupleleavetheroom.HamletisleftalonetoexpoundhisconsumingrageanddisgustathismotherforherincestuousmarriagetoClaudius,withinamonthofhisfather'sdeath:
OGod,abeastthatwantsdiscourseofreason
Wouldhavemourn'dlonger,--marriedwithmyuncle,
Myfather'sbrother,butnomorelikemyfather
ThanItoHercules:
withinamonth,
Ereyetthesaltofmostunrighteoustears
Hadlefttheflushinginhergalledeyes,
Shemarried;Omostwickedspeed,topost
Withsuchdexteritytoincestuoussheets!
HamletisinterruptedgratefullybyHoratio,alongwithBarnardoandMarcellus.TheytellhimthattheGhostofhisfatherhasappearedonthecastlewall,andHamletisatfirstshockedanddisturbed:
"Indeed,indeed,sirs,butthistroublesme"(1.2.223).ThethreefurtherdescribetheGhosttoHamlet--hissilveredbeard,hispaleandsorrowfulcountenance,hisfullbodyarmour--and,withexcitementHamletagreestomeetthemontheplatform,"twixtelevenandtwelve".
Act1,Scene3
Laertes,whoisabouttoleaveforFrance,warnshissister,Ophelia,thatHamlet'sloveforherwillundoubtedlynotlast.Hewillbethenextking,andassuchhiswantsmustyieldtothedemandsandinterestsofthecitizensofDenmark.WhenitisnolongerconvenientorappropriateforHamlettoloveher,Laertescautions,hewillcastheraside.OpheliadefendsHamletandLaerteslovinglyresponds"O,fearmenot"(1.2.57).Theirfather,Polonius,enterstheroomandagreesthatOpheliahasbeenseeingfartoomuchofHamlet.Hebeginsarantonthestateofyoungmen'smorality,insistingthatpassioncausesthemtomakefalsevows.HeforbidsOpheliafromseeingHamletagain,andsherespectfullyobeys.
Act1,Scene4
Shortlybeforemidnight,HamletmeetsHoratioonthebattlementsofthecastle.Theywaittogetherinthedarkness.Frombelowtheyhearthesoundofthemeninthecastlelaughinganddancingriotously;theKingdraininghis"draughtsofRhenishdown".HamletexplainstoHoratiohisdislikeofsuchdrunkenbehaviour.ToHamlet,drinkingtoexcesshasruinedthewholenation,whichisknownasalandfullofdrunkenswinesabroad.Ittakesawaythecountry'saccomplishmentsandrendersmenweakandcorrupt.ThenHoratiospotstheGhostapproaching.HamletcallsouttotheGhostanditbeckonsHamlettoleavewithit"asifitsomeimpartmentdiddesire"(1.4.67)toHamletalone.DespitethepleadingofHoratioandMarcellus,whoareafraidthattheapparitionmightbeanevilentityindisguise,HamletagreestofollowtheGhostandthetwofiguresdisappearintothedark.
Act1,Scene5
HamletwillgonofurtherwiththeGhostanddemandsitspeakatonce.TheGhosttellsHamletthatthehourisapproachingwhenitmustreturntothetormentingflamesofpurgatoryanditrevealsthehideousanddementedtruthtoananguishedHamlet,onthevergeofhysteriathroughouttheconversation.TheGhostisindeedthespiritofHamlet'sfather,andhehasnotdied,buthasbeenmurdered,poisonedbyhisownbrother,Claudius.TheGhostdisappears,leavingHamlethorrifiedandenraged."Ovillain,villain,smiling,damnedvillain!
"(1.5.106).Hamletisnotyetsurehowhewillcarryouthisrevenge,buthevowstothinkaboutnothingelseuntilClaudiushassufferedforhisbetrayal.AmidsttheechoingcriesoftheGhostrisingfrombeneaththeearth,HamletinsistsHoratioandMarcellusswearthattheywillnotrevealtoanyonetheeventsofthatnight.UponHamlet'sswordthetwotaketheiroath,assuringhimthattheywillremainsilent.Hamletthencallstohisfather'sspirit"rest,rest"(I.V.179),andthesceneandentireactcloseswiththelinesthatencapsulateHamlet'swholetragedy:
So,gentlemen,
WithallmyloveIdocommendmetoyou,
AndwhatsopooramanasHamletis
Maydotoexpresshisloveandfriendingtoyou,
Godwilling,shallnotlack:
Letusgotogether,
Andstillyourfingersonyourlips,Ipray.
Thetimeisoutofjoint;Ocursedspite,
ThateverIwasborntosetitright!
(1.5.181-88)
Act2,Scene1
Act2opensinaroominPolonius'house,twomonthsafterHamlethasseenhisfather'sghost.Poloniusismakingarrangementstosendhisservant,Reynaldo,toParistospyonLaertes.Poloniusjustifieshisactionsbyarguingthatheisonlyconcernedforthewell-beingofhisson,sofarawayfromhome.ThefrightenedOpheliarushesintotheroomtotellherfatherthatHamletcametoseeherwhileshewassewing,andthatithadbeenaterrifyingexperience:
LordHamlet,withhisdoubletallunbrac'd,
Nohatuponhishead,hisstockingsfoul'd,
Ungarter'danddown-gyvedtohisancle,
Paleashisshirt,hiskneesknockingeachother,
Andwithalooksopiteousinpurport
Asifhehadbeenloosedoutofhell
Tospeakofhorrors...(2.1.77-83).
PoloniusatonceassumesthatthelossofOphelia'saffectionshasdrivenHamletinsane.Heexpressesregretthatheeveraskedhisdaughtertobehavesoheartlesslytowardthelove-sickprince,andhedecidestheKingmustknowthatHamlethasgonemad.
Act2,Scene2
KingClaudiushasnoticedHamlet'sstrangebehaviourevenbeforeoldPoloniuscantellhistale.ClaudiushassummonedtwoofHamlet'sclassmatesatWittenberg--GuildensternandRosencrantz--hopingthattheywillbeabletouncoverwhathassparkedsuchatransformationinHamlet.ThetwoleavetoseekoutthePrinceandPoloniusisgrantedlicensetospeakbeforetheKingandQueen.HebeginsatiresomeexplanationofhistheoriesaboutthenatureofHamlet'smadness,andproducesaloveletterthatHamlethassenttoOphelia.TheQueenbelievesPoloniusisprobablyright,andsheknowsthatherhastymarriageandthedeathofHamlet'sfatherhavealsobeenresponsibleforhisdramaticchangeinbehaviour.Inthemidstofthediscussion,theKingreceivesgoodnewsfromhismessengers,VoltimandandCornelius,backfromNorway.TheyinformhimthattheKingofNorwayhasdecidedtoredirecthisattacktowardPoland,iftheNorwe
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