小站教育史上最全GRE阅读笔记.docx
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小站教育史上最全GRE阅读笔记.docx
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小站教育史上最全GRE阅读笔记
史上最全GRE阅读笔记
一.GRE阅读文章分类
1..按题材分四类:
humanities,socialsciences,naturalsciences,life
sciences
重点题材:
文学评论美国历史弱势群体生命科学
文章特点:
喜新厌旧标新立异同情弱者
2.按写作方法分两类:
presentation,argumentation
重点是argumentation即评述一个理论的文章
[例1]presentation的结构
Recently,theextinctionofthedinosaurhasbeenamysteriousphenomenon
thatpuzzlesscientists.
Rosen’sthreemajorfindingshavecontributedmuchtotheprogressof
explainingthedinosaur’sextinction.
a)sedimentationb)fossilremains,skeletonc)isotope,chronology
Therefore,……
[例2]argumentation的结构
Traditionally,mostscientistsbelievedthattheextinctionofthedinosaur
wascausedbytheimpactonEarthofmassivemeteorites.
However,nosignoftheimpact,suchashugepit,hasbeendiscovered.On
theotherhand,Smithfoundtwothingsthathadbeenoverlookedbyhis
predecessors.
Thus,……
3.按具体套路分类
长文章分四种:
新老观点对比型、现象解释型、问题解决型、结论解释性
短文章分三种情况:
可套用长文章套路的、有罗嗦语言的、无明显套路的
二.作题四原则
1.至少三遍原则
2.头脑空白原则
3.顺序原则:
先文后题,先套路后细节
4.总结原则:
每读完一个段落或一个层次要做如下四个方面总结
作者在写法上做了什么工作
主体词(关键词)是什么
作者对这个主体持什么评价
人物有谁
三.做笔记
1.机考做笔记
主题句
每段关键词
强对比和重要的强转折
2.笔考做记号
强对比:
unlike,contrast,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary;时间状语
强转折
两个“虽然”:
although/though,while
三个“但是”:
but,yet,however
四对同义词:
(infact,actually)(nevertheless,nonetheless)(despite,in
spiteof)
(rather,instead)
实际上……然而……尽管……却……不是……而是……
注意:
极端转折、多重转折(再多重转折中,只看最后一重)
强因果四个“因为”:
because(of),since,for,冒号或分号三个“所以”:
thus,hence,
therefore
两个家族:
conclude,conclusion,conclusive,consequent(ly),consequence
四个短语:
resultin,resultfrom,leadto,liein
三号:
引号,括号,破折号
强调性语言
最高级:
顺序最高级(first)频率最高级(always,never)程度最高级(foremost,
uttermost)
唯一性:
only,sole(ly),exclusive(ly),alone
比较句:
more/less…than(与其……不如说……),have…todowith…,as…as,
thesameas,similarto
专有名词:
人,物种,化学物质
判断句
系动词:
be,remain
情态动词:
can,cannot,may,might
自由褒贬词:
adj.,adv.
[例3]Hisviewchangedourattitude.
Hisviewsuccessfullychangedourattitude.
Hisviewcuriouslychangedourattitude.
Hisbrazenviewchangedourattitude.
Hispenetratingviewchangedourattitude.
专题一客观题型
(一)基本题型
1.直接事实题
同义变换的两种形式:
换同义词,换句型
[例4]Thehistorianshavebroadenedtheconventionalviewofnineteenth-
centuryfeminism.
→Thehistorianshaveexpandedthetraditionalviewofnineteenth-century
feminism.
[例5]Theminoritygroupslackaccesstothesizableordersthatare
generatedbylargecompanies.
→Theminoritygroupsdonothavesufficientopportunitytosecure
businesscreatedbylargecorporation.
[例6]Thesuffragistsweredemandingpowerthatwasnotbasedonthe
institutionofthefamily,women’straditionalsphere
→Thosewhoparticipatedinthewomensuffragistsmovementsoughtsocial
rolesforwomenthatwerenotdefinedbywomen’sfamilialroles.
2.取非题
对比题:
AisunlikeB文中有A的特征,问B的特征,则对A取非。
[例7]Unlikethesongsparrow,thewarblercontinuouslycompressmuch
longerandmorevariablesongswithoutrepetition.
题Accordingtothepassage,thesongsparrow
(A)usesongsmainlyinterritorialbehavior
(B)continuouslycomposeslongandcomplexsongs
(C)repeatsonesongtypebeforeswitchingtoanother
(E)respondsaggressivelytorecordedsongs
改善题
形式:
虚拟语气+表示改善的说法
做法:
回文中找缺点然后取非
改善的说法:
better,improve,more
illuminating/enlightening/convincing/useful
[例8]However,thesepatternscannotbeviewedasanadaptationtowind
pollinationbecausethespiralarrangementoccursinanumberofnon-wind-
pollinatedplants.
题Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheclaimthatthespiral
arrangementisanadaptationtowindpollinationwouldbemoreconvincing
ifwhichofthefollowingweretrue?
(A)Suchanarrangementoccurredonlyinwind-pollinatedplants.
(B)Suchanarrangementoccurredinvascularplantsasawhole.
(C)Suchanarrangementcouldbeshowntobebeneficialtopollenrelease.
(D)Thenumberofbractscouldbeshowntohaveincreasedovertime.
(E)Theairflowpatternsoverthecone’ssurfacescouldbeshowntobe
producedbysucharrangements.
3.Inorderto/举例作用题
一个窍门:
先观察以“illustrate”或者“giveanexampleof”开头的选项
标准做法
先结论后举例:
forexample,forinstance,suchas,like
先举例后结论:
强因果关系词
无任何语言现象:
以第一种情况“先结论后举例”居多
[例9]Overtheyears,biologistshavesuggestedtwomainpathwaysbywhich
sexualselectionmayhaveshapedtheevolutionofmalebirdsong.Inthe
first,malecompetitionandintrasexualselectionproducerelatively
short,simplesongsusedmainlyinterritorialbehavior.Inthesecond,
femalechoiceandintersexualselectionproducelonger,morecomplicated
songsusedmainlyinmateattraction;likesuchvisualornamentationas
thepeacock’stail,elaboratevocalcharacteristicsincreasethemale’
schancesofbeingchosenasamate.Thetwopathwaysarenotmutually
exclusive,andwecanexpecttofindexamplesthatreflecttheir
interaction.
题1Theauthormentionsthepeacock’stailmostprobablyinorderto
(A)citeanexceptiontothetheoryoftherelationshipbetweenmale
competitionandintrasexualselection
(B)illustratetheimportanceofboththepathwaysthatshapedthe
evolutionofthebirdsong
(C)drawadistinctionbetweencompetingtheoriesintersexualselection
(D)giveanexampleofafeaturethatmayhaveevolvedthroughintersexual
selectionbyfemalechoice
(E)refuteacommonlyheldassumptionabouttheroleofsonginmate
attraction
题2Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisspecifically
relatedtointrasexualselection?
(A)Femalechoice
(B)Territorialbehavior
(C)Competesongtypes
(D)Largesongrepertoires
(E)Visualornamentation
题3Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostclearlydemonstratethe
interactionmentionedinthelastsentence?
(A)Femalelarksrespondsimilarlybothtoshort,simplesongsandto
longer,morecomplicatedsongs.
(B)Malecanariesusevisualornamentationaswellaselaboratesong
repertoiresformateattraction.
(C)Bothmaleandfemaleblackbirdsdevelopelaboratevisualandvocal
characteristics.
(D)Malejaysusesongstocompeteamongthemselvesandtoattractfemales.
(E)Malerobinswithelaboratevisualornamentationhaveasmuch
reproductivesuccessasrivalswithelaboratevocalcharacteristics.
[例10]Tobuttresstheircasethatcaffeineactsinsteadbypreventing
adenosinebinding,Snyderetalcomparedthestimulatoryeffectsofa
seriesofcaffeinederivativeswiththeirabilitytodislodgeadenosine
fromitsreceptorsinthebrainsofamice.“Ingeneral,”theyreported,
“theabilityofthecompoundstocompeteatthereceptorscorrelateswith
theirabilitytostimulatelocomotioninthemouse;i.e.,thehighertheir
capacitytobindatthereceptors,thehighertheirabilitytostimulate
locomotion.”
TheauthorquotesSnyderetalmostprobablyinorderto
(A)revealsomeoftheassumptionunderlyingtheirtheory
(B)summarizeamajorfindingoftheexperiments
(C)pointoutthattheirexperimentswerelimitedtothemouse
(D)indicatethattheirexperimentsresultedonlyingeneralcorrelations
(E)refutetheobjectionsmadebysupportersoftheoldertheory
4.Except题/排除题:
由四项小列举出的题
[例11]Theleguminousplants—amongthemcropplantssuchassoybeans,
pea,alfalfa,andclover—havesolvedtheproblem.
题Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTaleguminous
plants?
(A)Alfalfa(B)Clover(C)Maize(D)Peas(E)Soybeans
[例12]Afro-Americanpoetryowesitsearlyforms,rhythms,vocabulary,and
evangelicalfervortoWesleyanhymnals.
题AllofthefollowingaspectsofAfro-Americanpoetryarereferredtoin
thepassageashavingbeeninfluencedbyWesleyhymnalsEXCEPT
(A)subjectmatter(B)wordchoice(C)rhythm(D)structure(E)
religioustone
5.逻辑题
支持题
具体事例法:
举文章没有说的例自作为正面论据,此处不考虑头脑空白原则(看[例
9]题3)
搭桥法:
把缺的条件补上如果文章说A→B找A→C→B
[例13]Inonebehavioralexperiment,researcherssuccessfullytrainedan
anteatertodistinguishbetweentwotroughsofwater,onewithaweak
electricalfieldandanotherwithnone.Suchevidenceisconsistentwith
researchers’hypothesisthatanteatersuseelectroreceptorstodetect
electricalsignalsgivenoffbyprey;however,researchersasyethave
beenunabletodetectelectricalsignalsemanatingfromtermitemounds,
wherethefavoritefoodofanteaterslive.
Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmoststrengthenthehypothesis
mentionedinthepassage?
(A)Researchersareabletodetectanteaterstobreakintoanunderground
chamberthatisemittingastrongelectricalsignal.
(B)Researchersareabletodetectaweakelectricalsignalemanatingfrom
thenestingchamberofanantcolony.
(C)Anteatersareobservedtakingincreasinglylongeramountsoftimeto
locatethenestingchambersofants.
(D)Anteatersareobservedusingvariousanglestobreakintonestsof
ants.
(E)Anteatersareobservedusingthesameangleusedwithnestsofantsto
breakintothenestsofothertypesofprey.
反对题
釜底抽薪:
反对原因
欲擒故纵:
反证法
抬杠法:
直接反对原文的结论
[例14]ThebackgroundsandreasonsofparticipantsintheMayinsurrection
of1871havebeenidentified,howevercursorily.
Whichofthefollowingisthemostlogicalobjectionstotheclaimmadein
thepassage?
(A)TheFebruaryRevolutionof1848ismuchlesssignificantthantheJuly
insurrectionof1830.
(B)ThebackgroundsandmotivationsofparticipantsintheJuly
insurrectionof1830havebeenidentified,howevercursorily.
(C)EvenlessisknownabouttheJulyinsurrectionof1830thanaboutthe
FebruaryRevolutionof1848.
(D)HistoricalrecordsmadeduringtheJulyinsurrectionof1830areless
reliablethanthosemadeduringtheMayinsurrectionof1871.
(E)TheimportanceoftheJulyinsurrect
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