专四语法汇总.docx
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专四语法汇总.docx
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专四语法汇总
复合句——副词性(状语)从句
副词在句中起状语作用,故如果起状语作用的部分为一个句子,那么该句便是副词性从句,也称状语从句。
状语从句可细分为:
时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、比较、方式等。
状语从句的测试重点为:
考查考生对主从句之间逻辑意义关系的把握,看其是否能选择正确的从属连词。
1.条件状语从句的常考知识点
(1)if与unless的用法。
if和unless都是引导条件状语从句的连词,考生应尤其注意unless的用法,因为它表示反面条件,相当于ifnot“如果不”、“除非”。
如:
Indebating,onemustcorrecttheopponent’sfacts,denytherelevanceofhisproof,ordenythatwhathepresentsasproof,ifrelevant,issufficient.
Iwon’tgounlessbeinginvited.
(2)复合连词aslongas,solongas,asfaras,onconditionthat,intheeventthat;动词及分词provided(that),providing(that),giventhat,suppose/supposing(that),assuming,say等引导条件状语从句。
如:
YoucanarriveinBeijingearlierforthemeetingprovidedyoudon’tmindtakingthenighttrain.
Assumingheisdiligentinhisstudiesatordinarytimes,heissuretopassthetest.
Intheeventthatshehasnotbeeninformed,Iwilltellher.(如果……)
Youcangoswimmingonconditionthatyoudon’tgotoofarfromtheriverbank.(如果……)
Supposeitrained,wewouldstillgo.(假如……)
Sayitweretrue,whatwouldyoudoaboutit?
(假如……)
(3)祈使句表示条件。
如:
Dresswarmly,orelseyou’llcatchcold.
Talktoanyoneinthedrugindustry,andyou’llsoondiscoverthatthescienceofgeneticsisthebiggestthingtohitdrugresearchsincepenicillinwasdiscovered.
2.让步状语从句的常考知识点
(1)as引导让步从句,要求用倒装结构,把强调的部分置于句首。
如:
Muchashelikesher,hedoesgetirritatedwithhersometimes.
Humbleasitmaybe,thereisnoplacelikehome.
(2)while引导让步从句。
如:
Everybodycheatsalittle,somepsychologistssay,whileothersinsistthatmostpeoplearebasicallyhonestandsomewouldn’tcheatunderanycircumstances.
(3)复合连接词forallthat和分词granting/granted(that)引导让步从句。
如:
Grantedyouhavemademuchprogress,youshouldnotbeconceited.
Forallthatcomputerscanprovideuswithgreathelp;theyshouldn’tbeseenassubstitutesforfundamentalthinkingandreasoningskills.
3.时间状语从句的常考知识点
(1)before表示汉语的“只有/必须……才能”。
如:
Newideassometimeshavetowaitforyearsbeforetheyarefullyaccepted.
(2)when引导时间从句时,如果出现在后半句,则表示“这/那时突然”。
如:
IhavejuststartedbackforthehousetochangemyclotheswhenIheardthevoices.
(3)whenitcomesto是习惯用法,意为“当谈到……时”。
如:
Doingyourhomeworkisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytruewhenitcomestoclassroomtests.
(4)名词短语、介词短语each/everytime,themoment/second/minute,inthetime,bythetime起连词作用。
如:
Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.
MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:
“Areyoufeelingallright?
”
Mercury’svelocityissomuchgreaterthantheEarth’sthatitcompletesmorethanfourrevolutionsaroundtheSuninthetimeittakestheEarthtocompleteone.
(5)副词directly,immediately,instantly,now引导时间从句,相当于assoonas。
如:
Thepolicemenwentintoactiondirectlytheyheardthealarm.
4.原因状语从句的常考知识点
(1)inthat引导原因从句时,有时翻译成“是因为”、“就在于”。
如:
Advertisingisdistinguishedfromotherformsofcommunicationinthattheadvertiserpaysforthemessagetobedelivered.
Criticismandself-criticismisnecessaryinthatithelpsustofindandcorrectourmistakes.
(2)nowthat表示“既然”;seeingthat,considering表示“鉴于”、“考虑到”。
如:
Nowthatwehaveallthematerialready,weshouldbeginthenewtaskatonce.
Hedidpoorlyintheexaminations,consideringhowhardhehadtriedforthem.
Seeingthatsheislawfullyoldenoughtogetmarried,Idon’tthinkyoucanstopher.
其他引导原因状语从句的连接词语还有:
forthe(simple)reasonthat,byreasonthat,onthegroundsthat,inasmuchas,insofaras等。
5.while,whereas引导对比从句
如:
WhiletheteenagepopulationintheUnitedStateshasdeclinedoverthepastdecade,violentcrimescommittedbyjuvenileshavesharplyincreased.
Ababymightshowfearofanunfamiliaradult,whereasheislikelytosmileandreachouttoanotherinfant.
6.so…that…,withtheresultthat,somuchsothat引导结果状语从句
如:
Overtheyears,alargenumberofoverseasstudentshavestudiedatthatuniversitywiththeresultthatithasacquiredsubstantialexperienceindealingwiththem.
Hehimselfbelievedinfreedom,somuchsothathewouldratherdiethanlivewithoutit.
7.inorderthat,incase,forfearthat,lest(用虚拟语气)引导目的状语从句
如:
Givemeyourtelephonenumber,incaseIneedyourhelp.
HelenlistenedcarefullyinorderthatshemightdiscoverexactlywhatJohnwanted.
8.where作为连接副词的一种用法,翻译为“在……地方”
如:
InJapan,aperson’scapabilitiesarenotforcedintoaninflexiblespecialty.Wherethereiswillingnessandintelligence,thereisaplacewithinthecompanytotryandtosucceed.
复合句——名词性从句
一个句子起名词的作用,在句中做主语、宾语/介词宾语、表语、同位语,那么这个句子就是名词性从句。
1.what/whatever的用法
考生应把握:
what是关系代词,它起着引导从句并在从句中担当一个成分这两个作用。
如:
Theylosttheirwayintheforest,andwhatmademattersworsewasthatnightbegantofall.
(what既引导主语从句又在从句中做主语)
Waterwillcontinuetobewhatitistoday—nextinimportancetooxygen.
(what既引导表语从句又在从句中做表语)
2.whoever和whomever的区别
whoever和whomever相当于anyonewho,用主格与宾格取决于其在从句中做主语还是做宾语。
如:
Theyalwaysgivethevacantseatstowhoevercomesfirst. (whoever在从句中做主语)
3.有关同位语从句的问题
(1)引导词通常为that,但有时因名词内容的需要,也可由whether及连接副词why,when,where,how引导。
that不表示任何意义,其他词表示时间、地点、原因等。
如:
Theproblem,whereIwillhavemycollegeeducation,athomeorabroad,remainsuntouched.
(2)同位语从句有时与先行词隔开,注意识别。
如:
Evidencecameupthatspecificspeechsoundsarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungas6monthsold.
4.whether与if在引导名词性从句时的区别
(1)主语从句只能用whether引导;
(2)whether一般多用于宾语从句的肯定式,而if引导的从句可以有否定式;
(3)whetherornot可以连在一起用,而ifornot则不能,ornot只能放在句末;
(4)whether可以引导介词宾语从句,if则不能;
(5)宾语从句提至谓语前面时,只能用whether引导;
(6)在question,ask后面一般只用whether,question的同位语从句也用whether引导;
(7)后接不定式时,只能用whether。
5.动词believe,expect,fancy,imagine,suppose,think后的宾语从句如为否定式,一般将否定词转移到主句谓语上。
复合句——形容词性(定语)从句
1.尤其要注意whose的用法
whose在从句中做定语,修饰名词。
所以,如果关系代词后面紧接的是名词,且关系代词又不在从句中做主语或宾语,那么,这个关系代词就应该是whose。
如:
2.介词+which的用法
如果从句中主宾成分齐全,考生便可考虑关系代词是否在从句中做状语,而状语通常用介词短语充当,于是可以得知,关系代词前面应有介词,再分析所给的选项,根据与名词的搭配作出正确选择。
如:
Wearenotconsciousoftheextenttowhichworkprovidesthepsychologicalsatisfactionthatcanmakethedifferencebetweenafullandanemptylife.
3.as与which用作关系代词的区别
(1)as与thesame,such,so,as等关联使用。
如:
Astheforestgoes,sogoesitsanimallife.
(2)as和which都可以引导非限定性定语从句,但as在句中的位置比较灵活,可出现在句首、句中、句末,而which只能出现在句末,尤其是当先行词是整个句子时。
如:
Asistrueinallinstitutions,juriesarecapableofmakingmistakes.
Asisgenerallyaccepted,economicgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproduction.
常见的这类结构有:
ashasbeensaidbefore,ashasbeenmentionedabove,ascanbeimagined,asisknowntoall,ashasbeenannounced,ascanbeseenfromthesefigures,asmight/couldbeexpected,asisoftenthecase,ashasbeenpointedout,asoftenhappens,aswillbeshown等。
4.关系代词that与which用于引导定语从句的区别
(1)如果关系代词在从句中做宾语,用that,which都可以,而且可以省略;
(2)先行词是不定代词anything,nothing,little,all,everything时,关系代词用that;
(3)先行词由形容词最高级或序数词修饰或由next,last,only,very修饰时,用that;
(4)非限定性定语从句只能用which引导;
(5)关系代词前面如果有介词,只能用which。
5.but做关系代词,用于否定句,相当于who…not,that…not
这个结构的特点是主句中常有否定词或含有否定意义的词。
如:
Therearefewteachersbutknowhowtouseacomputer.
Thereisnocomplicatedproblembutcanbesolvedbyacomputer.
倒装结构
1.下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时,若置于句首,句子的主谓要部分倒装
never,no,neither,notonly,hardly,scarcely,little,seldom,rarely,notuntil,nowhere,atnotime,onnoaccount,innorespect,innosense,bynomeans,innoway,nolonger,noless,nomore,nosoonerthan,undernocircumstances,invain,stillless。
如:
Notonlyisitsdirectattackontheirdiscipline,itbypassestheessenceofwhatsociologistsfocuson.
Undernocircumstancesshouldwedoanythingthatwillbenefitourselvesbutharmtheinterestsofthestate.
2.以only修饰状语开头的句子,句子的主谓要部分倒装
Onlywhenyouhaveobtainedsufficientdatacanyoucometoasoundconclusion.
3.以下列副词或短语开头的句子,句子的主谓要部分倒装
often,so,well,tosuchadegree,tosuchanextent,tosuchextremes,tosuchapoint,manyatime。
如:
Soinvolvedwiththeircomputersdothechildrenbecomethatleadersatsummercomputercampsoftenhavetoforcethemtobreakforsportsandgames.
4.以下列副词开头的句子,句子的主谓要全部倒装
(1)出于修辞需要,表示方向的副词:
out,down,in,up,away,on。
如:
Downjumpedtheburglarfromthetenthfloorwhenheheardsomeoneshoutedathim.
(2)出于习惯用法:
here,there,now,thus,hence,then。
如:
Nowisyourturn. Theregoesthebell.
5.让步从句的倒装
(1)as引导让步状语从句,必须采用倒装结构,但不是主谓倒装,而是将被强调的内容置于句首。
如:
MuchasIhavetraveled,Ihaveneverseenanyonetoequalher,inthoroughness,whateverthejob.
(2)出现在句型be+主语+其他,comewhatmay中。
如:
Ourcivilizationhasaccumulatedanincredibleamountofknowledge—beitscientificorartistic.
Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.
Comewhatmay,I’llbeonyourside.
6.比较从句的倒装
as,than引导的比较从句中,如果主语是名词短语且较长,经常采用倒装结构(不倒装也可以)。
注意:
这种结构主语一般为名词,如果是代词则不倒装。
如:
Hydrogenburnsmuchmorecleanlythandootherfuelsandiseasytoproduce.
Readingistothemindasisexercisetothebody.
虚拟语气
1.主从句谓语动词的时态
(1)掌握主从句谓语动词的规范搭配:
主句 从句
与现在事实相反 would/情态动词过去式+do were(不分人称)/did
与过去事实相反 would/情态动词过去式+havedone haddone
与将来事实相反 would/情态动词过去式+do shoulddo/weretodo
如:
Ifthedoctorhadbeenavailable,thechildcouldnothavedied.
Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,shouldtherebeasuddenloudnoise.
(2)区分主从句表示的不同时间概念:
主从句谓语动词所指时间不同,这叫做错综时间条件句,动词形式应根据实际情况来调整。
如:
Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.
(主句与现在事实相反,从句与过去事实相反)
HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.
(主句与现在事实相反,从句与过去事实相反)
(3)识别事实和假设混合句:
Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexa
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