经营考试.docx
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经营考试.docx
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经营考试
[Passage1]
Anincreasingnumberofpeopleareadvocatingaswitchfromchemicalpesticidestoamoreorganicapproachtoraisingandprotectingtheworld’sfoodsupply.Byusingpredatorinsectssuchasladybugs,prayingmantises,andwasps,farmerscanreducetheamountofchemicalstheyreleaseintotheenvironment.Croprotationhasbeenusedtocontrolpestsbychangingtheirfoodsupplyonaregularbasis.Intercropping,ormixingdifferentcropstogetherinthesamefields,alsohelpscontrolpestpopulationsbycreatingdifferentenvironmentsthatwillnotallowlargenumbersofproblemplantsandanimalstobecomeestablished.Anotherpestmanagementtechnique,calledintegratedpestmanagement(IPM),isbeingpromotedasanalternativetochemicalpestcontrol.IPMisamanagementstrategyratherthananattempttoeliminateproblem-causingplantsandanimals.Insteadoftryingtokillallthepeststhatcauseproblems,anIPMapproachattemptstokeeptheirpopulationsbelowthelevelwheretheycausenegativeeconomicorhealtheffects.AlthoughIPMincorporatestheuseofsomepesticides,itsprimarycontrolmeasuresarenonchemical.
IPMinvolvestheevaluationofeachcropanditsrelatedpestspeciesasanecologicalsystem.Acontrolprogramisdevelopedthatincludesvariouscultivation,biological,andchemicalcontrolmethodsappliedinthebestsequenceandtimingtoachievethebestresults.Fieldsarecarefullymonitoredfordamage,andappropriatecontrolmeasuresareappliedonlywhenpestsreachaneconomicallydamaginglevel.Thisapproachsavesthefarmersmoneybyreducingtheirneedforchemicalsandforthemachinerytoapplythem.FurthermoretheIPMapproachprotectstheenvironmentbyreducingthechemicalimpactontheecosystems.Byintroducingnaturalcontrolmethods,farmerscanactuallyrestoreareastomorenaturalsystemsandthushelpreclaimlandthathasbecomeunproductive.
Althoughasuddenchangetoorganicmethodsmayreduceproduction,aslowconversionfromchemicalstoorganicpestcontrolmethodsusuallywillnotcausemucheconomicloss.Yieldsperhectaremaydrop,butcostsalsofallsothatprofitsusuallyremainrelativelystable.Thereisalsoevidencethatasthesoilsrecoverovertime,theybecomemoreproductive,andcropyieldsmayevenimprove.
[Passage2]
Theobjectiveofagricultureistocollectandstoresolarenergyasfoodenergyinplantandanimalproducts,whicharethendistributedtoserveasfoodforthehumanpopulation.Tocollectsolarenergyinplantsandanimalsandtohelpcropsconvertthissolarenergyintofoodenergyandthentodistributethefoodproducts,farmersspendfossil-fuelenergyandelectricenergyintillingthesoil,fertilizing,irrigating,harvesting,andprocessing.
Newkindsofenergyhavehelpedtomakearevolutioninfarmlife,farmwork,andfarmoutputsince1900.OnlyahundredyearsagointheUnitedStatesmostpeoplewereruralpeople:
farmers,planters,trappers,andpioneers.Inthenineteenthcentury,mostworkwasdoneonfarmsbymusclepower,humanoranimal.Thechiefsourcesofenergyforheatingwerewoodandcoal.Manyfarmswerefortunateenoughtohaveawindmillforpumpingwater.In1900onefarmworkerwasabletosupplytheneedsofaboutsevenpeople.Incontrast,afarmworkertodaysuppliestheneedsof50people.
Thefirstmajorcontributionsthatenergymadetofarmingwereintheuseofcommercialfertilizer,anenergy-intensiveproduct,andinfactory-madefarmmachinery,whichrequiredenergytoproduce.Motorizedfarmmachinery,whichalsorequiredenergyforitsoperation,firstbecamepracticalforthefarmeraround1910whenfarmtractorsbecameavailable.
Duringtheperiodof1900to1971,thesizeoftheaveragefarmintheUnitedStatesmorethandoubledwhilethefarmpopulationdeclinedtoone-thirdofits1900level.Thischangewasmadepossiblebytheintroductionofnewtechnologiestothefarmingprocess,includingtheuseoftractors,commercialfertilizers,motorizedharvesters,andnewscientificmethodsoffarming.By1975therewereapproximately5milliontractorsinuseinUnitedStateswithatotalcapacityof250millionhorsepower,consuming21gallonsofgasolineand20gallonsofdieselfuelpercapitaintheUnitedStates.Theuseofcommercialfertilizergrewbyafactorofapproximately14duringtheperiod1900to1970andisacriticalfactorintheabilitytoincreasecropyieldperunitoflandcultivated.
농업의목적은수집하고저장하는것이다 / 태양에너지를음식에너지로서 / 식물과동물제품들속에있는, 그것들은그후에분배된다 / 음식으로서작용하도록 / 인류를위하여. (농업의목적 - 태양에너지를음식에너지로수집하고저장하는것) 태양에너지를모으기위하여 / 식물들과동물들속에 / 그리고곡물들이전환하는것들돕기위해 / 이태양에너지를음식에너지로 / 그러고나서그음식제품들을분배하기위하여, 농부들은소비한다 / 화석연료에너지와전기에너지를 / 토양을경작하고, 비료주고, 물주고, 경작하고, 그리고가공처리하는데. (음식에너지를얻기위해농부들이소비하는것 – 화석연료에너지와전기에너지)
에너지의새로운종류들은혁명을만드는것을도와왔다 / 농장생활, 농장일, 그리고농장생산에서 /1900년이래로. (에너지의새로운종류들 – 농업혁명주도) 단지 100년전에 / 미국에서 / 대부분의사람들은시골사람들이었다 :
농부들, 농장주들, 덫사냥꾼들, 그리고개척자들. (100년전, 대부분은시골사람들) 19세기에, 대부분의일은농장들위에서행해졌다 / 근력에의해, 인간또는동물의. (농장일 – 근력에의존) 에너지의그주요자원들은 / 난방장치를위한 / 나무와석탄이었다. (에너지원천 – 나무와석탄) 많은농장들은충분히운이있었다 / 풍차를가질만큼 / 물을푸기위한. 1900년에한농장일꾼은필요한것들을공급할수있었다 /약 7명의. 대조적으로, 오늘날한농장일꾼은필요한것들을공급한다 /50명의. (1900년과오늘날의일꾼의생산성비교)
첫주요한공헌들은 / 에너지가농업에만든 / 사용속에있었다 / 상업비료, 에너지집중상품인, 그리고공장에서만든농장기계류에있었다 / 이것은생산하기위해에너지를필요로했다. (에너지가농업에만든공헌들 – 상업비료와기계류) 동력농장기계류는, 또한에너지를요구했던 / 그것의작동을위해, 처음에실용적이되었다 / 농부를위해 /1910년무렵 / 농장트랙터들이이용가능했을때. (동력농장기계류 –1910年 무렵실용화)
1900년부터 1971년기간동안에, 평균농장의크기는 / 미국에서 /2배이상이되었다 / 반면에농장인구는 1/3로떨어졌다 /1900년수준의. (농장크기증가와농장인구감소) 이변화는가능하게되었다 / 새로운기술들의도입에의해 / 농업공정의, 사용을포함하여 / 트랙터들, 상업비료들, 동력수확기들, 그리고새로운과학적방법들 / 농업의. (이변화의요인들) 1975년무렵에대략 500백만트랙터들이있었다 / 사용중인 / 미국에서 / 총능력을가진 /2억 5천만마력의,21 갤런의가솔린을소비하면서 / 그리고 20갤런의디젤연료를 /1인당 / 미국에서. (구체적인예 ;1975년무렵,500백만트랙터) 상업비료의사용은 / 증가했다 / 대략 14 제곱으로 /1900년부터 1970년기간에 / 그리고중요한요소였다 / 능력에서 / 농작물수확을증가시킬 / 경작된땅단위당. (농작물수확증가의요인 – 상업비료)
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The contributions of different types of energy to the development of farming
(B) The importance of solar energy to successful farming
(C) The increase in crop yield since 1900
(D) The objective of agriculture since the early 1900’s
2. The word which in the passage refers to
(A) agriculture
(B) solar energy
(C) plant and animal products
(D) food energy
3. The word convert in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) convince
(B) gather
(C) link
(D) transform
4. The word spend in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) process
(B) pay for
(C) collect
(D) use
[Passage3]
ThemineraldiscoveriesofthenineteenthcenturyintheUnitedStatesstimulatedsettlement,forcedtheearlyformationoflawsandgovernment,createdademandfortransportation,andluredlaborandcapitalwestward.WavesofpioneerssweptintoCalifornia,Nevada,Idaho,Montana,andtheDakotaTerritoryseekinggoldandsilver.
TheprospectorswhoflockedtoSutter’sMillfoundgoldnuggetsorgolddustintheriversandstreams.Placermining—washingthedirtfromthestreaminapan,leavingtheheavygrainsofgoldinthebottom—requiredlittlelabor,capital,orskill.Iftherewasalargequantityofgoldinthedirt,awoodenbox,orcradle,couldbeusedtowashlargeramountsofsandanddirtasitwasrockedtoandfro.Woodencleatsinthebottomoftheboxheldthegoldasthewaterandearthwashedaway.Agroupofprospectorsmightbuildasluice,aseriesoflongwoodenboxesfittedwithrifflebarsacrossthebottom.Theydivertedwaterfromthecreeksthroughthesluice,andtheflowingwatercarriedawaythedirtandsanddumpedintothesluicebytheminers.Nuggetsanddustremainedtrappedintherifflebars.MuscleandsweatproducedwealthforafewandcreatedatruecornucopiaofpublicitytolurethousandstotheWest.
Thedaysofgoldplacerminingprovedshort-lived,however.Asprospectorsmovedintotheinterior,intothemountainrangecalledtheSierraNevadaandtheareaknownastheGreatBasin,goldandsilverwerefound,butthemineralswerelockedinquartzlodes,ordeposits,burieddeepintheearth.Toreachthistreasure,minershadtodigtunnels,installtimbersupports,andusepumpstoremovewaterseepingintothesesubterraneanlabyrinths.CapitalformillstocrushthequartzandforvesselsofmercurytodissolvethegoldcamenotfromtheprospectorsbutfrominvestorsinSanFrancisco,Philadelphia,andLondon.Theseinvestorsformedtheminingcorporationsthatcontrolledthemills,tunnels,machinery,andtransportationattheminesaswellasthearmyoflaborers.
광물발견들은 /19세기의 / 미국에서 / 정착을자극했고, 초기형성을강제했다 / 법률들과정부의, 수요를창출했다 / 운송에대한, 그리고노동과자본을서부로끌어들였다. (광물발견이서부에미친영향들) 개척자들의물결들은휩쓸려들어갔다 / 캘리포니아,네바다, 아이다호, 몬타나, 그리고다코다지역으로 / 금과은을찾아서. (개척자들이금찾아간곳들)
그금찾는사람들은 / Sutter’s Mill로몰려든 / 금덩어리들또는금가루를찾았다 / 강들과계곡들에서. (강과계곡 – 금찾은곳) 사광채굴 – 먼지를씻는것 / 계곡으로부터의 / 팬안에서, 금의무거운알갱이들을남기면서 / 바닥에 – 거의노동, 자본, 또는기술을요구하지않았다. (사광채굴 – 비용없음) 만일거대한양의금이먼지안에있었다면, 한나무상자는, 또는구조용바구니, 사용될수있었다 / 더거대한양의모래와먼지를씻기위하여 / 그것이앞, 뒤로움직일때. (나무상자 – 모래와먼지씻는데사용) 나무미끄럼막이들은 / 그상자바닥에있는 / 그금을유지했다 / 물과흙이씻겨내려갈때. (미끄럼막이용도) 한그룹의금찾는사람들은물받이를만들수도있었다, 일련의긴나무상자들인 / 홈통막대기들과맞춰진 / 바닥을가로지르는. (물받이용도) 그들은물을바꿨다 / 개울들로부터나온 / 그물받이를통해, 그리고그흐르는물은먼지와모래를쫓아낸다 / 물받이속으로던져진 / 광부들에의해. 금괴들과먼지는갇힌채로남아있다 / 홈통막대기들속에. 근육과땀은부를생산했다 / 소수을위해 / 그리고진짜풍요함을만들어냈다 / 선전의 / 수천명들을서부로끌어들이기위해.
하지만, 그날들은 / 금사광채굴의 / 단명했음을증명했다. (금사광채굴의단명) 금찾는사람들이이동했을때 / 내륙으로, 산맥속으로 / Sierra Nevada라고불리는, 그리고그지역 / Great Basin이라고알려진, 금과은은발견되었다, 하지만그광물들은갇혀있었다 / 석영광맥
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