英文临床病历攻略.docx
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英文临床病历攻略.docx
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英文临床病历攻略
英文病历全攻略
一、主要調查項目:
1.主訴chiefcomplaint:
weakness,malaise,chills,fever,sleep,pain,headache,appetite,weight,stomachandbowels,nauseaandvomiting,diarrhea,urine,genitalia,neuropsychiatricdisorders,respiration,shortnessofbreath,bleedingordischarge,etc.
2.現症歷presentillness:
onset(date,mode),durationbeforepresententry,excitingcauseandenvironmentalinfluences,prodromalsymptoms,generalsymptoms,courseorprogress(location,duration,severity,continuity,intermission,radiation,treatment),aggravatingandalleviatingfactors,lossofweight,appetiteandstrength,sleep,bowelmovement,frequencyofurination,menstruation,etc.
3.既往歷pasthistory:
1)formerplacesofresidence,previousstageofhealth(健壯的robust,纖弱的delicate),experiencewithsimilardisease,immunitytoinfectiousdisease
2)previousillness:
麻疹measles,腮腺炎mumps,水痘chicken-pox,百日咳pertussis,流行性感冒influenza,猩紅熱scarletfever,白喉diphtheria,傷寒typhoidfever,支氣管炎bronchitis,肺炎pneumonia,腦炎encephalitis,腦膜炎meningitis,破傷風tetanus,小兒麻痺poliomyelitis,赤痢dysentery,霍亂cholera,胸膜炎pleurisy,天花small-pox,瘧疾malaria,結核病tuberculosis,黃疸病jaundice,過敏性反應allergy,etc
3)venerealdisease:
specificsymptoms,signs,andthediseasebyname,treatment.
4)Accidents(date,anydisability,sequelae),operationandhospitalization(date,procedure,nameofhospital,physician,complications,bleedingtendency)
4.家族歷familyhistory:
familytendency,presenceofhereditarydisorders,cancer,tuberculosis,mentaldisorderandnervousaffection,rheumatism,diabetes,hypertension,cerebralvascularaccident,hemophilia,syphilis,tumor,epilespsy,allergy,contactwithdiseasedindividuals,relationshipofpatient’schildhoodandadultlife,age,healthcondition,andcauseofdeathofparents,grandparents,self,spouse,siblings,orrelatives.
5.個人歷personalhistory:
1)Socialhistory:
fears,metalstatus,education,financialcondition,numberofdependents,familyharmonyorfractious,hygienicconditionathome
2)Maritalhistory:
durationofmarriage,1stor2ndmarriage,ageanddeathofspouseandchildren,causeandageattimeofdeath,numberofchildren,pregnancies,流產次數miscarriages,死產數stillbirths
3)occupationalhistory:
durationofemployment,pastwork,exactnatureofwork,exposuretooccupationalhazards,whetherworkissatisfactoryornot.
4)Habits:
alcohol,tobacco,narcotic,coffee,tea,appetite,foodhabits,regularityofmeals,rapidityofeating,bowelmovements,sleep,exercise,interests,etc.
6.系統檢查systemreview:
1)General:
nutrition,fever,nightsweats,tremor,weightgainorloss,weakness,allergy.
2)Skin:
蕁蔴疹hives,rash,eczema
3)Head:
trauma,headache,lossofhair
4)Eyes:
vision,painglassesdiplopia.
5)Ears:
pain,discharge,deafness,tinnitus.
6)Nose:
obstruction,discharge,epistaxis,rhinitis.
7)Mouth:
teeth,lips,gums,tongue,disturbanceintaste.
8)Throat.:
sorethroat,tonsillitis,膿性扁桃腺炎quinsy,dysphagia
9)Neck:
adenitis,goiter,rigidity
10)Cardiorespiratory:
palpitation,tachycardia,bloodpressure,chestpain,dyspnea,cough,hemoptysis,seasonalcold,expectoration.
11)Gastrointestinal:
appetite,nausea,vomiting,distress(beforeoraftermeals),melena,colic,jaundice,fullness,hernia,hemorrhoid,constipation,diarrhea,frequencyofbowelmovement,heartburn,idiosyncrasies,relationofsymptomstoeating,typeandquantityoffood
12)Genito-urinary:
dysuria,urinaryfrequency,dribbling,hematuria,pyuria,nocturiaandvolume,enuresis,incontinence,soresaboutexternalgenitalia,symptomssuggestiveofsyphilis(mucouspatches,fallinghair),urethraldischarge,exposuretovenerealinfection,obstetrichistory,catamenia(ageofonset,dateoflastperiod,cycleandamount,periodicity,dysmenorrheal,menopause)leucorrhea,associatedheadache
13)Neuromuscular:
神經過敏nervousness,emotionalstress,weakness,muscleorjointpains,convulsion,numbness,neuralgia,anesthesia,muscularatrophiesordysatrophies,deformities.
二、病歷與時態
1.現症歷(presentillness):
1)A.現在式:
表示一般的真理、職業、人格、習慣和現在的事實、動作或狀態。
例1:
Sedentaryhabitsofteninterferewithhealth
例2:
Heismentallyderangedanddisorientedastotime,place,andperson
例3:
Hegetsupat6everymorning.
B.現在進行式(Be+pres.p.)表示現在某動作正在進行中。
例1:
Bothhisparentsarestilllivingandwell.
例2:
Thepatientsisgettingworseandworse.
例3:
Thepatientsisprogressivelydoingwell.
C.表「經常的習慣」也用進行式,通常與always,constantly等副詞連用。
例1:
Heisalwaystakinganapinclass.
例2:
Heisconstantlyforgettingpeoples’names.
例3:
Heisforevercomplainingofheadaches.
D.通常不用進行式的動詞。
a)不隨意動詞(Verbsofinvoluntaryactions):
-知覺(perception):
feel,hear,notice,see,smell等。
例1:
Wheneverhehasacold,hecanneithertastenorsmell.
-知識(knowledge):
believe,(dis)agree,doubt,find,forget,know,mind,remember,think,understand等。
例1:
Shedoesnotrememberspecificscratcheswhichmighthaveprecededthepresentlesions.
-感情(emotion):
desire,despise,disgust,fear,hate,hope,(dis)like,love,prefer,want等。
例1:
Helikeslobster,butitdisagreeswithhim.
b)表示繼續狀態的動詞(Verbsofcontinuousstate):
表示存在、所有等動
詞:
appear,be,belong,consist,flow,have,hold,live,look,possess,resemble,seem等。
例1:
Herfingersandhandsarestiffandcyanotic.
例2:
Hehasnodiscomfortandeatswell.
2)A.現在完成式(Have+p.p)
a)表示動作的完了(completionofanaction)或其結果的現在狀態(presentstateofthings):
例1:
Thepatienthaspassedthecrisis.=Thepatientisoutofdangernow.
例2:
Hehascaughtcold.=Hehasacoldnow.
註:
常用的連用副詞為:
allthiswhile,(not)yet,already,just,now,bythistime,today,thisweek(ormonth,year,etc.),hitherto,tillnow,upto(till)now,recently,lately,oflate等。
比較:
過去式僅表示過去的動作狀態;現在完成式則以表示現在為主。
例1:
Hehadnoappetiteforfood.(過去式)→表示過去某時有過食慾不振
例2:
Latelyhehadhadnoappetiteforfood.(現在完成式)→表示現在仍然胃口不佳。
b)表示截至現在為止的經驗(experience):
例1:
Hehasseldomconsultedadoctorinhislife.
例2:
Hehasneverbeentreatedbyadoctorsincehewasborn.
註:
表示經驗時,常用的副詞為:
ever,before,once,manytimes,(very)often,seldom,sometimes,inone’stime等副詞。
比較:
同一動詞有時表示完了,有時表示經驗,視其所連用的副詞而決定。
例1:
Hehasjustundergoneanephrectomy.→表示動作完了。
例2:
Hehasundergoneanephrectomyonce.→表示經驗。
c)表示截至現在為止的動作或狀態的繼續(continuance)
例1:
Hehasbeendeafintheleftearsincetheageof18andhasexperiencedslightdizzinessonstooping.
例2:
Exceptfroaslightlossofenergy,hehasalwaysfeltwell.
例3:
Forthepast10yearshehashadpersistentandhigh-pitchedtinnitusinhisleftear,consistingabuzzingsensationand,occasionally,thesoundsofbells.
註:
常用的連用副詞為:
since,always,from,for,these,howlong?
B.現在完成進行式(Havebeen+~ing)
a)表示以前開始的動作繼續到現在的狀態:
例1:
Hecamehere2weeksago,andhasbeenlyingsickwithacoldsincethen.
例2:
Thepatienthasrecentlyhadexperienceofmemorylossandofspellsofdizziness.Forthepreceding5yearsshehasbeenreceivingtreatmentforhypertension.
b)表示「習慣」:
例1:
Thepatienthasbeensmokingexcessively.
例2:
Shehasbeenchewingawadofbubblegumallday.
註:
常用的連用副詞為:
since,for,howlong?
these,form,always等。
比較:
例1:
Hehasbeenlearningmedicinefor5years.(繼續)
例2:
Hehaslearnedmedicinefor5years.(經驗)
2.既往歷(pasthistory):
大半用過去式,但發生過去某一定時間以前者,宜用過去完成式;如果疾病發生的前後關係甚明顯,或以年代順序記載時,仍可用過去式。
1)A.過去式:
用以表示過去的動作、狀態、習慣等且與現在的情形毫無關聯。
a)發生於過去某時者:
例1:
Anunknownnumberofyearsagohewassaidtohavepneumonia.
例2:
Inadditiontotheabovesymptoms,henotedsomevagueabdominalpainforacoupleofmonthsinthepast.
例3:
Atthattimeshehadaslightnonproductivecoughandmildexertionaldyspnea.
例4:
Beforetherapy,shewasunabletoswallowanythingbutsmallsipsofwater.
b)過去某時以後的狀態:
例1:
Inthepreviousmonthshenoticedthatthestoolsweregreatlyflattened.Subsequentlyshebecameawareofabearing-downpaintherectum.
例2:
Menarcheoccurredatage13,thereaftermenseswereregular,every28days,lasting3to4dayseachtime.
例3:
Thepatienthadtinnitusinhisleftear10yearsbeforebeingdischargedforthemilitaryservice.Severalyearlater,henotedlossofhearingontheleft.
例4:
InJune1956,asterilizingoperationwasperformedatahospital.Fortheensuing5monthsthepatientwastroubledwithintermittentattacksofvagueabdominalpain.
例5:
Twoyearsafterthisepisodeshehadoneshortattackofvertigobuthasbeenattack-freefor2years.
註1:
過去式常用的連用副詞:
ago,lastnight,yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday,theotherday,thismorning,justnow等。
註2:
現在完成和過去兩者都可用的連用副詞:
just,ever,lately,recently,
once,always,already,thismorning,today,everynight,thisweek,thesefewdays,forthelastfewdays,sincelastweek,before,yet等。
B.表示過去的習慣時,須用usedto,was(were)accustomedto~或hadthehabitto~等。
用would來表示過去的習慣時,大抵與often,sometimes等副詞連用。
例1:
Heusedtoworkfarintothenight.
例2:
Hewouldsometimescomehomedrunk,andbeathiswife.
C.過去進行式(Be動詞的過去式+pres.p.):
表示在過去某一時間正在進行的動作:
例1:
Onesisterwassufferingfromactivetuberculosis.
例2:
Hewashavingmildsymptomsoffeverandnauseaatthetimehewasseen.
例3:
Hewasraisinglargeamountsofpurulentsputumatthattime.
D.過去完成式(Had+p.p.):
表示截至過去某一時間為止的動作的完了、經驗、繼續等。
a)完了(completion):
例1:
Thepatienthadalreadyexpiredwhenhecame.
例2:
Bythattimehehadimmunizedagainstsmallpox.
連用副詞:
already,bythattime,(not)yet,onlyjust等。
b)經驗(experience):
例1:
Tillthenhehadneverseenso-calledbone-setter.
例2:
Hecouldnotrepeatwhathehadsaidbefore.
c)繼續(continuance):
例1:
Hehadlongbeenillinbed.
例2:
Hehadbeenillinbedforalongtime.
E.過去完成進行式(Hadbeen+pres.p.):
表示繼續過去某一時間的動作。
例1:
Uptothattime,hehadbeendrinkingmushwine.
例2:
Duetoherincreasingconstipation,shehadbeentakinglaxativesdailyforoneyearbeforeadmission.
比較:
例1:
Iwassleepingwhenhecame.(過去進行式)
例2:
Ihadbeensleepingforanhourbeforehecame.(過去完成進行式)
三、家族歷
1.家族無~病:
例1:
Thereisnofamilyhisto
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