石油钻井设备基础知识培训中英对照.docx
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石油钻井设备基础知识培训中英对照.docx
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石油钻井设备基础知识培训中英对照
石油钻井设备基础知识培训
Drillingequipmentsbasicknowledgetraining
胜利油田新耐捷
Content
一,钻井工艺基本知识
Drillingbasicknowledge
二,钻机类型及组成
Rigtypeandcomposition
三,动力系统Powersystem
四,旋转系统Rotatingsystem
五,提升系统Hoistingsystem
六,循环固控系统CirculatingSystem
七,井控系统WellControlSystem
一.钻井施工基本知识
石油钻井:
是指利用专用设备和技术,在预先选定的地表位置处,向下或一侧钻出一定直径的孔眼,一直达到地下油气层的工作。
Oildrilling:
Todrillcertaindiameterholesdownorsidetoundergroundreservoirinpre-selectedlocationusingspecializedequipmentandtechnology.
钻井方法的发展:
(1)人工掘井:
1521年之前。
(2)人力冲击钻:
1521~1835年,是靠人力、捞砂筒、特殊钻头、悬绳、游梁等来完成的。
3)机械顿钻(冲钻):
1859~1901年,靠机械冲击作用破岩,破岩和清岩相间进行。
(4)旋转钻:
1901年发展起来的,旋转钻井是靠动力带动钻头旋转,在旋转的过程中对井底岩石进行破碎,同时循环钻井液以清洁井底的钻井方法。
旋转钻井又分为转盘钻井、井下动力钻具钻井、顶部驱动旋转钻井。
Historyofdrilling:
(1)Manualdrilling(dugwellbyhands):
beforetheyearof1521.
(2)Manualimpactdrill:
betweentheyearof1521to1835,drillholesbyhand,bailer,specialbits,hangingropeandbeam,etc.
3)Mechanicalpercussiondrilling(choppingdrilling):
betweentheyearof1859to1901,anearliermethodofdrillingusedbeforetheintroductionofmodernrotarymethods.Thebitusedtobreakrockwasnotrotatedbutreciprocatedbymeansofastrongwirerope.Rockbreakingandcuttingsclearingareconductedbyturn.
(4)Rotarydrilling:
developedintheyearof1901;tobreakrocksbypowerdrivenrotatingbitandcleanwellbycirculatingdrillingfluid.
Rotarydrillingincludesrotarytabledrilling,downholepowerdrillingandtop-driverotarydrilling.
钻井施工工序
Drillingprocedures
钻井就是利用钻机设备及破岩工具破碎地层形成井筒的工艺过程,目地是进行地质评价、发现油气藏、开发油气藏。
Drillingistheprocessofbreakingformationbyrigandrock-breakingtoolstoconductgeologicalevaluation,searchforoilandgasreservoirsanddevelopoilandgasreservoirs.
施工工序:
钻进→洗井→接单根→起下钻→完钻.
Procedures:
Drillingahead→cleanhole→makeupajoint→roundtrip→finishingdrilling.
开钻前施工
Workpriortospudding
1、定井位
1.Welllocaton
2、道路勘察
2.Roadsurvey
3、基础施工
3.Foundationconstruction
4、搬家
4.Movecamp
固井就是向井内下入一定尺寸的套管串,并在其周围注入水泥浆,把套管固定到井壁上,避免井壁坍塌。
Cementationistheprocessofplacementofliquidslurryofcementandwateroutsidethecasingruninthehole.Ithelpstofixcasingtoboreholewallagainstcollapse.
施工工序:
下套管至预定深度→装水泥头循环泥浆接地面管线→打隔离液→注水泥→顶胶塞→替泥浆→碰压→注水泥结束候凝。
Procedures:
runcasingtoscheduleddepth→Pickupcementinghead.→Circulatemud、→Connectinggroundpipeline→Pumpspacer→Cement→Pumpdowntheplug→Displacecementing→Bumpplug→Completecementing→Waitoncement.
5、安装设备
5.Equipmentinstallation
钻井施工
6、一次开钻
Primaryspudding
7、二次开钻
Secondaryspudding
8、钻进
Drillahead
9、起钻
Pullout
10、换钻头
Changebit
11、下钻
Runinhole
完井施工
Wellcompletion
12、完井电测
Completionlog
13、下套管固井
Runcasingforwellcementation
导管Conductor:
用于将钻井液引到固控设备上,深度一般为10米以内。
一般在钻前准备时完成。
Toconductdrillingfluidstocontrolequipments.Thedepthnormallylessthan10meters.Generallycompletedpriortospudding.
表层套管(surfacecasing):
其作用是封隔地表部分的易塌、易漏地层和水层,安装第二次开钻的井口装置,控制井喷。
其下入深度,根据地表部分松软的易塌、易漏地层和水层的深度而定。
一般在100米左右。
Toisolateeasycollapseandleakyformationandwaterlayerofsurface,andbeusedforinstallingwellheadequipmentforsecondaryspuddingtopreventblowout.Itsrunningdepthdependsondepthofstratalikelytoleakorcollapseandwaterlayerofsurface.Itsrunningdepthisnormallyabout100m.
技术套管(intermediatecasing):
用于封隔用泥浆难以控制的复杂地层;无法堵塞的严重漏失层;非目的层的油气层;压力相差悬殊油、气、水层等。
Toisolateformationhardtobeisolatedbycementation,leakageformationunabletobeblockedandnontargethydrocarbonreservoiraswellasoillayer,gaslayerandwaterlayerwithgreatpressuredifferential.
油层套管(oil-stringcasing):
用于以把不同压力和不同性质的油、气、水层分割开来,建立一条油、气流至地面的通道,保证能长期生产,满足合理开采油、气和增产措施的要求。
油层套管的下深根据目的层的深度和不同的完井方法而定
Toseparateoillayer,gaslayerandwaterlayerwithdifferentpressureandproperties,establishapasswayforoilandgas,guaranteelongtermproductionandmeettherequirementofreasonablyexploitreservoirandmeasurestoincreaseproduction.Therunningdepthdependsonthedepthoftargetformationandthedifferentwaysforwellcompletion.
三,钻机类型及组成
Rigtypesandcomponents
组成:
石油钻机主要由动力机、传动机、工作机及辅助设备组成。
一般有八大系统(起升系统、旋转系统、钻井液循环系统、传动系统、控制系统、动力驱动系统、钻机底座、钻机辅助设备系统),具备起下钻能力、旋转钻进能力、循环洗井能力。
Theengine,transmissionsystem,operatingmachineandallassociatedequipmentrequiredtodrillawell,includingeightsystems:
theelevatorsystem,therotatingsystem,thedrillingfluidcirculatingsystem,thetransmissionsystem,thecontrolsystem,thedrivensystem,therigbaseandauxiliarieswithcapacityoftripping,rotarydrillingandcleaningholesbycirculatingmud.
类型:
根据钻井深度分为浅井钻机、中深井钻机、深井钻机,根据驱动方式分为机械驱动钻机、电驱动钻机,根据搬迁方式分为撬装钻机和车装钻机。
Dividedintothreetypes:
shallowwellrig,mediumdepthwellrig,deepwellrigaccordingtodifferentdrillingdepth;dividedintotwotypes:
mechanicaldrivenrigandelectricdrivenrigaccordingtodifferentdrivenway.;dividedintotwotypes:
skid-mountedrigandtruckmountedrigaccordingtodifferentmovingway.
机械驱动钻机类型及特点
Mechanicaldrivenrigtypesandfeatures
现状:
目前机械驱动石油钻机主要为链条钻机,采用链条作为主传动副,2~4台柴油机¡ª变矩器驱动机组,用多排小节距套筒滚子链条并车,统一驱动各工作机组,一般仍用胶带传动钻井泵。
Currentsituation:
Mechanicaldrivenrigsnowadaysaremainlychaintransmissionrigsusingchaintransmissionpairdrivenbytwotofourparalleleddieselengineswithtorqueconverterandseveralrowsofsmallpitchsleeverollerchainstogether.Tapetransmissionalsousedtodrivedrillingpump.
类型:
机械驱动钻机是指以柴油机为动力,通过液力变矩器、链条、齿轮、三角胶带等不同组合的传动形式所驱动的钻机,主要包括齿轮传动、胶带传动和链条传动三种形式,具有制造方便成本低的特点。
Type:
Mechanicaldrivenrigisadieselpoweredrigdrivenbyvariouscombinationsofhydraulictorqueconverter,chains,gears,triangletapes.Ithasthreetransmissionways:
geartransmission,tapetransmissionandchaintransmission.Ithasfeaturessuchasconvenientmanufacturingandlowcost.
大庆130钻机传动示意图
DrivediagramofDAQING130rig
电驱动钻机类型及特点
Typesandfeaturesofelectricdrivenrigs
类型:
电驱动钻机包括直流电机驱动和交流变频电机驱动两种形式。
电驱动钻机具有传动柔和、调速性能好、操作方便灵活、模块体积小、安装移运方便、可靠性高、噪音小、污染小、节能等特点。
Type:
Electricdrivenrigincludestwotypes:
DCmotordrivenrigandACvariablefrequencymotordrivenrig.Electricdrivenrighasfeaturessuchassofttransmission,goodspeedperformance,flexibleoperation,smallmodule,convenientinstallationandmovement,highreliability,lownoise,littlepollutionandenergy-saving.
交流变频电机驱动:
交流变频钻机则是采用AC-VFD-AC方式,通过VFD电传动控制系统将柴油发电机组所发出的电力变为变频可调的电流,采用交流变频器驱动无碳刷交流变频电机。
ACvariablefrequencymotordrivenrig:
AdoptAC-VFD-ACsystemwhichtransformsACpowergeneratedbyparalleleddieselgeneratorintoadjustableACanddrivesbrushlessACvariablefrequencymotorthroughACinverter.
旋转钻井钻机
动力系统
Powersystem
旋转系统
Rotatingsystem
提升系统
Hoistingsystem
循环系统
CirculatingSystem
井控系统
WellControlsystem
旋转钻井系统
Rotatingsystem
四,动力系统(Powersystem)
柴油机(Dieselengine)
发电机(Generator)
传动机构(Drivecompound)
机械传动(Mechanicalpowertransmission)
柴油机-电传动(Diesel-electricpowertransmission)
五,旋转系统(Rotatingsystem)
转盘(RotaryTable)
Themaincomponentoftherotatingmachinewhichturnsthedrillstring.Ithasabevelledgearmechanismtocreatetherotationandanopeningintowhichbushingsarefitted.
转盘方补心(MasterBushing)
Asleevewhichfitsintoandprotectstherotarytableandaccommodatestheslipsanddrivesthekellybushing.
方补心(KellyBushing)
AdevicewhichfitsintotherotarytableandthroughwhichtheKellypasses.Therotationofthetableistransmittedviathekellybushingtothekellyitself.Sometimescalledthe"drivebushing".
方钻杆(Kelly)
Theheavysquareorhexagonalsteelpipewhichrunsthroughtherotarytableandisusedtorotatethedrillstring.
钻柱(Drillstring)
Thestringofdrillpipewithtooljointswhichtransmitsrotationandcirculationtothedrillbit.Sometimesusedtoincludebothdrillcollarsanddrillpipe.
钻头(Bit)
Thecuttingelementatthebottomofthedrillstring,usedforboringthroughtherock.
转盘结构图
Rotarytablestructurechart
转盘是用来承托管柱重量,提供扭矩和转速。
转盘实质上相当于一个特殊结构的角传动减速器,主要由箱体、转台、主轴承、副轴承、齿圈、输入轴总成、锁紧装置、方瓦、箱盖等部分组成。
Rotarytableisthemaincomponentoftherotatingmachinewhichturnsthedrillstring.Ithasabevelledgearmechanismtocreatetherotationandanopeningintowhichbushingsarefitted.Itisusedtosupportcolumnweight,providetorqueandspeedanditessentiallyananglespeedreducerofspecialstructure.itincludesshell,mainbearings,vicebearings,ringgear,inputshaftassembly,lockingdevice,masterbushingandcover,etc.
钻柱及组成Drillstringanditscomposition
Thestringofdrillpipewithtooljointswhichtransmitsrotationandcirculationtothedrillbit.Sometimesusedtoincludebothdrillcollarsanddrillpipe.
钻头(RockBit)Thecuttingelementatthebottomofthedrillstring,usedforboringthroughtherock.
六,起升系统(Hoistingsystem)
井架(Derrick)
Alargeload-bearingstructurefromwhichthehoistingsystemandthereforethedrillstringissuspended.
绞车(Drawworks)
Thelargewinchontherigwhichisusedtoraiseorlowerthedrillstringintothewell.
钢丝绳(Wirerope,fastline,deadline)
Fastline:
theendofthedrillinglinewhichisattachedtothedrumofthedrawworks.
Deadlinethatpartofthedrillinglinebetweenthecrownblockandthedeadlineanchor.Thislineremainsstationaryasthetravellingblockishoisted.
天车(Crownblock)
Anassemblyofsheavesorpulleysmountedonbeamsatthetopofthederrickoverwhichthedrillinglineisreeved.
游动滑车(TravelingBlock)
Anarrangementofpulleysthroughwhichthedrillinglineisreeved,therebyallowingthedrillstringto
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