美国内战与重建美国内战与重建transcript16.docx
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美国内战与重建美国内战与重建transcript16.docx
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美国内战与重建美国内战与重建transcript16
CivilWarandReconstruction:
Lecture16Transcript
March6,2008
< ProfessorDavidBlight: ThefirstformallyrecognizedororganizedblackregimentintheCivilWarwasknownastheFirstSouthCarolinaVolunteers.Itwasorganizedentirelyandexclusivelyamongfreedslaves,alongtheSeaIslandsofSouthCarolina.Ithadanamazingnon-commissionedofficerwhosenamewasPrinceRivers,amanwho'dbeenaslaveyesterdaybutafreemanby1862,andwhosewhitecommandingofficer,ThomasWentworthHigginsonsaid,"inanotherland,inanothertime,hecouldcommandanyarmyintheworld."ThomasWentworthHigginsonwasanabolitionistfromWorcester,Massachusettswhoendedupthecolonelandthecommanderofthatregiment.Nearly1,000freedslaveswererecruitedamongtheroughly35to40,000formerslavesalongtheGeorgian/SouthCarolinaSeaIslands.HigginsonwentontowriteagreatbookaboutitcalledArmyLifeinaBlackRegiment,andamongtheremarkabledescriptionsheleftinthatclassicisthisdescriptionfromThanksgivingDay1862;soit'sNovember'62.ThepreliminaryEmancipationProclamationisinplacebutthefinalEmancipationProclamationhasn'tquitehappenedyet.Itwasactuallythefirstformally,legally,federallyrecognizedThanksgivingDay;sodecreedbyAbrahamLincoln.AndHigginsonhadhisheadquartersinanoldplantationhouse.Helookedoutofbrokenwindows,atthisabandonedplantationintheSeaIslands,throughwhathedescribedas"thegreatavenuesofgreatliveoaks,"andheobservedthatquote,"Allthisisauniversalsouthernpanorama,butfiveminuteswalkbeyondthehovelsandtheliveoakswillbringonetosomethingsounsouthernthatthewholesoutherncoastatthismomenttremblesatthesuggestionofsuchathing,acampofaregimentoffreedslaves." AlmosttwoyearslateroneofthosefreedslavesnamedGeorgeHattonwroteacoupleoflettersfromthefront.GeorgeHattonwasaformerslave.HehadlivedpartofhislifeinWashington,DC,partofhislifeinVirginia,NorthCarolina;he'dbeenaround.Hewasatthispoint,byAprilof1864,anon-commissionedsergeantinCompanyC,FirstRegiment,UnitedStatesColoredTroops.TheywereincampNewBern,NorthCarolina,andhesatdowntowritealettertoreflectuponthecircumstancethathefoundhimselfin.Hatton,hisfellowsoldiers,andtheirfamilieshadlivedgenerationsasslaves.Andthisiswhathewrote.Hesays,"ThoughthegovernmentopenlydeclaredthatitdidnotwanttheNegroesinthisconflict,Ilookaroundmeandseehundredsofcoloredmenarmedandreadytodefendthegovernmentatanymoment.AndsucharemyfeelingsthatIcanonlysaythefettershavefallen,ourbondageisover."AmonthlaterHatton'sregimentwasincampnearJamestown,Virginia--andhedidn'tmisstheironyofbeingatJamestown,thefoundingsiteofVirginia.Andintohislinescameseveralblackfreedwomenwhoalldeclaredtheyhadrecentlybeenseverelywhippedbyamaster.MembersofHatton'scompanymanagedtocapturethatslaveowner,aMr.Clayton,themanwhohadallegedlyadministeredthebeatingsonthesewomen.ThewhiteVirginianwasstrippedtothewaist.Hewastiedtoatreeandhewasgiven20lashesbyoneofhisownformerslaves,amannamedWilliamHarris,whowasnowamemberoftheUnionArmy.Inturn,eachofthewomenthatClaytonhadbeatenweregiventhewhipandtheirchancetolaythelashonthisslaveholder'sback."Thewomenweregivenleave,"saidSergeantHatton--hiswords--"toremindhimthattheywerenotlongerhisbutsafelyhousedinAbraham'sbosomandundertheprotectionoftheStarSpangledBannerandguardedbytheirownpatriotic,thoughoncedowntroddenrace."InHatton'sletterheonceagainfeltlostforwordstodescribethetransformationhewaswitnessing."OhthatIhadthetonguetoexpressmyfeelings,"hewrote,"whilestandingonthebanksoftheJamesRiveronthesoilofOldVirginia,themother-stateofslavery,asawitnessofsuchasuddenreverse.Thedayisclear,thefieldsofgrainarebeautifulandthebirdsaresingingsweetmelodioussongswhilepoorMr.Claytoniscryingtohisservantsformercy."That'sarevolution,describedinthewordsofaformerslave,wordsthatweretryingtocapturethetransformationsofhistoryatthesametimehisactionsweretryingtotransformhistory.Words. Now,wewillforeverdebateinthissocietythemeaningoftheEmancipationProclamation.Overandoverandoveragainwedebate: diditreallyfreeanybody? Whydiditonlyfreetheslavesinthestatesinrebellion? WhywasLincolnsobloodylegalisticinthisdocument? WasRichardHofstadterrightwhenhesaidithadalltheeloquenceofabilloflading(whichmeansagrocerylist)? Whywasitwrittenlikeitwasalegalbriefincourt,hereandtherelacedwithsomeremarkablephrases? WhywashesocarefulnottofreetheslavesintheBorderStatesthathadn'tlefttheunion? Andonandon.ButIthinkweshouldmakenomistake,theEmancipationProclamationisaterriblyimportantAmericandocument.Emancipationisnotjustthestoryofgreatdocuments,asI'mtryingtoargue,butthisone'simportant. Thesecondparagraphreads--andthisis,bytheway,Lincoln'sownhandwriting;thisisafacsimileoftheoriginal;hewrotesomethreeorfouroriginals--"thatontheFirstDayofJanuaryinthisyearofOurLord,OneThousandEightHundredandSixty-Three,allpersonsheldasslaveswithinanystateordesignatedpartofastate,thepeoplewhereofshallthenbeinrebellionagainsttheUnitedStates"--God,isthislegalistic--"shallbethen"--thisisnotlegalistic--"then,thenceforwardandforeverfree.AndtheExecutivegovernmentsofthisUnitedStates,includingthemilitaryandnavalauthoritythereof"--theArmyandNavyarenowboundtodothisitsays--"willrecognizeandmaintainthefreedomofsuchpersonsandwilldonoactoractstorepresssuchpersons,oranyofthem,inanyeffortstheymaymakefortheiractualfreedom."Actualfreedom.Now,yes,itwasalimiteddocument.Itdidn'tfreeasmanyslavesastheSecondConfiscationActhadlegallyalreadysetinmotion.That'strue.ButthisisthemostimportantthingtorememberabouttheEmancipationProclamation.Mostblackfolksdidn'tcareaboutthedetailsofit.WhattheycaredaboutisthattheUnitedStatesGovernmenthadactedandsaidtheyweregoingtobefree. TherewereatleastfourimmediateandvisibleeffectsoftheProclamation,onceitwentintoeffectonJanuary1.EveryforwardstepoftheUnionarmiesnowwouldbe,whethersomeofthoseofficerslikeditornot,aliberatingstep.Secondly,newsofthisProclamation,whateverthedetailsandthefineprint,wouldspreadlikewildfireacrosstheSouth,anditwouldbringabout--there'snoquestion--itwillbringaboutincreasedactivity,increasedflight,increasedmovementtowardUnionlinesbyfreedpeople,wheretheycandoit.Andthere'sallovertherecordwehavetestimonyofConfederatesoldiersthemselves,ofSoutherners,whiteSouthernersthemselvessayingtheyfirstheardabouttheEmancipationProclamationfromtheirslaves.Third,itcommittedtheUnitedStatesGovernmentintheeyesoftheworld--andthat'sterriblyimportantwhenwerememberthatGreatBritainwasonthevergeofrecognitionoftheConfederacy--moreonthatabitlaterinthecourse,ofhowthatforeignrelationshipandtheproblemofCivilWardiplomacyisbeingmanagedbythetwogovernments,UnionandConfederate.Andfourth,onthesecondpageoftheEmancipationProclamation--orisitthethird--inanotherverylegalisticparagraphLincolnformallyauthorizesonceandforall,althoughit'salreadybeguntohappen,therecruitmentofblackmenintotheUnionArmiesandNavy,anditauthorizesaformalprocessnowtorecruitblackmentotheUnionuniform.AndbeforethewarwillendabouttenpercentofallUnionforceswillbeAfrican-American--approximately180,000--eightypercentofwhomwereformerslaves,fromtheslavestates. Now,inthatfallof1862,FrederickDouglassputdownhiscudgelthathe'dbeenbeatingLincolnwithforayearinhiseditorials--andhebeathimbitterlyattimes.Atonepointinlate'61hecalledAbrahamLincolnthemostpowerfulslavecatcherintheworld.ThatwasDouglass'sopinionofthatdenialofasylumpolicywhichsaidfugitiveslavesescapingUnionlineshadtobereturnediftheirownerswereloyal.Douglass,likemanyothers,sawthenonsenseinthatpolicyearlyon.Douglassfinallyputdownthecudgelandhesaid,withlovelyirony,"Itisreallywonderful,"saidFrederickDouglass,"howalleffortstoevade,postponeandpreventitscominghavebeenmockedanddefiedbythestupendoussweepofevents";itscomingmeaningblackfreedom.AndI'lljustsaylastly,addafifthtothat,emancipationtransformedthepurposeofthewar.EmancipationmorethananythingelsewillmaketheCivilWarawarofconquest,awarofneartotality,onbothsides,anditmeantnow,nowthatthiswasgoingtobeawarofconquestontheSouth'ssocialandeconomicinstitutions,itmeantitwouldprobablyonlyendinunconditionalsurrender. Now,it'sacomplicatedstoryastohowthis'llbeenforced,ofcourse.AndIstronglyurgeyoutoreadcertainofthoseLincolndocumentsintheJohnsonreader,andmoreimportantly,toreadatleastthatgreatesthitsselectionIprovidedinthereadingpacketofthedocumentsonemancipation;which,bytheway,comeoutofabookcalledFreeatLast,whichisitselfa500pagecollectionofthegreatesthitsofthedocumentsoftheAmericanemancipation,whicharenowpublishedinfivevolumes,allofwhichareintheNationalArchives.ButoneofthoseLincolndocumentsIdon'twantyoutomiss,
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