新编语用学教程课后答案.docx
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新编语用学教程课后答案.docx
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新编语用学教程课后答案
Introduction
[checkyourunderstanding]
1.fSyntaxandsemanticseachhavetheirownstrengths.
2.fPragmaticsisalsointerestedinhowlanguageuseaffectsthelanguagesystem.
3.t
4.f
5.t
In-ClassActivities
1.ASK
<1>Yes,he’scoming.
<2>Yes.[No,heisn’tcoming]
<3>HisknowledgeaboutwhetherPatlikescognitivelinguisticsornot.
2.
<1>a.JohnisobviouslynotHitler.ThereisonlyoneHitlerintheworld.
b.Golfasaninanimateobjectcan’tplayahumanbeing
c.Itisacaseoftautologythatconveysnonewinformation.
d."Idea〞doesn’thavecolorandcan’tsleepsinceitisinanimate.Thewholesentencedoesn’tmakesense.
<2>a.itcanbeusedforcommunicationinacontextwhereJohnsharessomepersonalitywithHitler.
b.whenJohnisapoorplayerofgolf.
c.inacontextwhereacertainboyhasdonesomethingwrong
<3>whenthesentenceisusedinpoetrytopersonalizetheword"idea".
3.<1>a.Inanentranceofapark.
b.Intherestroomofsomepublicplaceslikeanairport.
a.Peopleareforbiddentobringdogsintothepark.
b.Thisplaceisforadultstochangeinfantdiapers.
4.<1>Herethespeakerwantstoexpresshiscomplaintthatthecouplearetalkingtooloudly
<2>Bysayingso,theyoungmanwantstoconveytheirrefusalto"my〞request.
Thebackgroundknowledgeweneedisthatsinceitisusuallyimpolitetolistentootherpeople’privateconversation,itisnormalthat"I〞can’thearaword
5.<1>Thisnoticeimpliesthatallthosewhojumptheredlightareuncivilized,whateverthereason.
<2>讲卫生的人不会随便吐痰.
6.<1>Thisisanadvertisementforaholidayinnanditsfoodissodeliciousthatitcanmakethecustomer’swifejealous.The"Frenchtoast〞probablymeansatypeofspecialtyprovidedbythisholidayinn.
<2>C:
你去哪里?
吃饭了没?
E:
Howareyou?
How’severythinggoing?
7.<1>Hemeanshedoesn’tspeakFrench.
<2>Russianmajorsdon’tspeakFrench.
<3>Yes.Ithelpstoindicateanegativeanswer.
8.<1>a.Heuses"that〞undertheassumptionthathismomknowswhichletterisbeingreferredto.
b.Heusesanimperativesentencetoaskhermothertoclosethewindow,whichisimpolite.
<2>Johnny:
Mom,PingPingiscomingtovisitusthisafternnoon.
Mother:
WhoisPingPing?
<3>Wang:
It’snotmyfault,isit?
Li:
Yes.
-----------------
Nativespeaker:
Hi,youlookgood.
Zhang:
Notgood,notgoodatall.
ExercisesTask3.
1. whenwegetsomeonetodosomething,wetendtominimizetheefforttobeinvolved,butwhenwecomplainwetendtoexaggeratethecomplaint.Peoplewanttobepolitebymitigating<缓解,减轻,平静>theimposition,whichisface-threatening.
2.Thefirstimperativeisageneralgrammaticalform,butthesecond,thoughstillanimperative,canbeusedtosoundmorepolitebecauseoftheadditionof"willyou"
3.
Boss:
Cometomyofficelater.
Clerk:
Yes,sir.
--------
Boss:
Howisyourdad,Tom?
Clerk:
He’sfine.Thanks,Pat.
4.Hewantstosuggestthathedidnotbreakthewindowbecausehewasengagedwith
>insomethingelseinotherplaces.
5.InthenovelTheCatcherintheRye,Holden,amiddleschoolstudentalwaysbreaksthepragmaticconventionsandinthatwayshowshisrebellion.
6.WhileweteachEnglishtoChinesestudents,wenotonlyimpartlinguisticinformation
tagquestions>tosoundmoretentativeandbepolite.
Unit1
[Checkyourunderstanding]
1.f ThatistheviewheldbyJohnAustinintheearlystage.
2.f Implicitperformativeutterancesdonothaveaperformativeverb.
3.f
4.f Thecompletionoftheperlocutionaryactrequirestheaddressee’scooperation.
5.t
In-ClassActivities
1.<1>Ifyou’veeversaid"Ipromise〞or"Iapologize〞,youhaveperformedthoseactionsbythesimpleactofsayingthem.But"Iknow〞and"Ibelieve〞aredeclarative.Sayingthemdoesnotbringaboutanyimmediatechangeinthebelieforknowledgeofthespeaker.
<2>a.Iwishyouagreatsuccess.
IadmitI’mwrong.
b.Imisunderstandyourpoint.
Iseewhatyoumean.
<3>Yes.Forexample,whenwesay"我在这里向你道歉〞,weareperformingtheactofapologizing.
>
2.<1>"Afullapology〞heremeansawhollyperformativeutteranceofapologylike"WeapologizetotheChinesegovernmentandtheChinesepeople〞.Indeed,"sorry〞isnotaperformativeverb.
<2>Tosomeextent,"sorry〞canimplicitlyperformtheactofapology.
3.
<1>Thekidnapperintendstoperformtheactsofthreateningandrequiring.
<2>Hewantstomakehiswordssoundlikeanadviceinsteadofathreatening.
4.
<1>a.locutionaryact:
theactofverballysaying"Todayisnotafreeadmissionday〞.
illocutionaryact:
itimplicitlyrequirespeopletopaytheadmissionfee.
perlocutionaryact:
peoplepaytheadmissionfee
b.locutionaryact:
theactofverballysaying"Thankyouforyourgenerousdonationandyoursupport〞.
illocutionaryact:
itimplicitlyurgespeopletodonate.
perlocutionaryact:
peopledonatemoney
a' "Admissionfeerequiredtoday"
b’ "Weexpectyourgenerousdonationandyoursupport"
Thefirstischosentobelessimposing.Thesecondischosentoattractpeople’sdonation.
5.
<1>No,itisnotaverdictive.Itisjustanadvertisementfromshotelwhosenamehappenstobe"Jurys〞.
<2>Theproprietorplaysagameofwordstoattractcustomers.
Exercises
Task3
1.
a.constative?
locution:
"Nosmokinginthisarea〞.Illocution:
Forbiddingpeoplefromsmokinghere.Perlocution:
Peopledonotsmokehere.
b.constative.Locution:
"Ticketpassengersonly〞.Illocution:
Askingpassengerstobuyticketsiftheywantto
Passengersbuyticketstoenterthemuseum.
c.constative.Locution:
"Tokenvendingmachine〞.Illocution:
Informingthepublicofthefactthattheycanbuytokensthroughthismachine.Perlocution:
Peoplebuytokensthroughthismachine
2.
Yes.Itsolvestheproblemthatconstativescanindeedberegardedasimplicitwaysofdoingthings.Thus,allutterancesare"performative〞inessence.
Yes,Iagree.SupposeAsaidtoB"it’sstuffyhere〞.TheactualeffectmaybethatAisunderstoodtobecomplaining,buttheintendedeffectisthatsomeoneshouldopenthewindoworthedooranditmaybringBtoperformtheactinsteadoflettinghimjustlistentoA’scomplaint.
3.<1>a,<2>a,and<3>aareperformativeutterancesandcanstandthetest"hereby〞.However,in<1>b,<1>cand<2>b,<2>c,"know〞,"think〞,"amuse〞and"flatter〞arenotperformativeverbs.In<3>b,thethirdpersonsubjectisused.In<3>c,simplepasttenseisused.
4.Bothverdictivesandexertivesinvolveademonstrationofpowers,rights,orinfluence.However,verdictiveshavetheillocutionaryforceofissuingaformalorofficialjudgmentandgivingaverdict,whileexertivesinvolvemakingdecisionsinfavoroforagainstacertaincourseofaction,oradvocacyofit.
5.Theseutterancesarenottrueorfalse,thatis,nottruth-evaluable.Theutteringofthemonformaloccasionsisorispartofthedoingofacertainkindofaction,theperformanceofwhich,again,wouldnotnormallybedescribedasjust"saying〞or"describing"something
e.g.
"Thismeetingisnowadjourned.〞
"Thecourtisnowinsession.〞
"Thischurchisherebyde-sanctified.〞批准,认可,使合法化
Unit2
[Checkyourunderstanding]
1.f Itiscriticizedaslackingcriteriaforclassification.
2.f Thehearerisheldresponsible.
3.f
4.t
5.f
In-ClassActivities
1.
<1>No,theyareessentiallydirectives.
<2> "你能帮我还书吗,谢谢哦.〞
"We’llbeverygratefulforyourpresence.〞
<3>Becausetheyexpectotherpeople’scomplianceinsteadofrefusals.Onefeelsindebted感激的,受惠的,蒙恩的ifonedoesnotcomplywiththerequest.
2.
<1>Commissives
<2>Yes.Thesecondpromiseisachievedwithaconditionwhichmayturnthepromise
3.
<1>No.Utteranceaisathreat.Utterancebinvolvessomethingthatthespeakercannotxcontrol.Utterancecdescribessomethinginthepastratherthansomethingthatthespeakerwilldointhefuture.Utterancedinvolvesanactthatthehearerratherthanthespeakerwilldointhefuture.Utteranceehasathirdpersonasthesubject.Utterancefisastatementaboutsomethingthathappenedinthepast.
<2>a.propositionalcontentcondition
Zhang:
这件事你不应这样处理的.
Li:
好嘛,算我错了行了吧.[wherethespeakerisnotsincere]
4.
<1>Thecustomerwhenhesaysthereisaflyinmysoup
<2>Becausesayingthatcannormallyattractthewaiter’sattentionandthewaiterknowswhattodoinacontextlikethis.
Yes.Sometimes,wespeakindirectlytosaveourorothers’face.
<3>Yes,Iagreewithher.Hearingthecustomer’swords,thewaitermaynottakeitseriously
5.
<1>TheroleoftheunderlinedpartisexplainingthereasonoftherefusalsothatAndywillacceptJack’srefusalmorereadily.
Notnecessarily.Awhiteliealsodoesthesametrick.
<2>a.Callingonpeopletosavewater.
b.Denyingpeopletherighttoparkhere.
The"irrelevant〞informationisusedtoenhancethech
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