英语四级考试必备基础语法知识.docx
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英语四级考试必备基础语法知识.docx
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英语四级考试必备基础语法知识
英语四级考试必备基础语法知识
动词时态
1)现在完成进行时态(have/hasbeen+-ing分词构成):
动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.
I’vebeenwritinglettersforanhour.
I’vebeensittinginthegarden.
2)过去完成进行时(由hadbeen+ing分词构成):
过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作
I’dbeenworkingforsometimewhenhecalled.
Wehadbeenwaitingforherfortwohoursbythetimeshecame.
3)将来完成进行时:
将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.
Bynextsummer,hewillhavebeenworkingherefortwentyyears.
Inanothermonth’stimeshe’llhavebeenstudyinghereforthreeyears.
4)将来完成时(由shall/willhave+过去分词构成):
将来某时已发生的事.
Ishallhavefinishedthisonebeforelunch.
They’llhavehittheyear’stargetbytheendofOctober.
动词语态
可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:
Hewassaidtobejealousofhersuccess.
Itwassaidthathewasjealousofhersuccess.
能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.
Itissupposedthattheshiphasbeensunk.
Theshipissupposedtohavebeensunk.
担当besupposedto与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:
Whyareyoudrivingsofastinthisarea?
Youaresupposedtoknowthespeedtoknowthespeedlimit.(你应该晓得速度限制)
双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态
双宾语结构的被动语态:
双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.
Hewasaskedanumberofquestionsatthepressconference.
Twodayswereallowedthemformakingthenecessarypreparations.
宾补结构的被动语态:
ShewascalledBigSisterbyeverybody.
Thenhewasmadeasquadleader.
Hewasconsideredquitequalifiedforthejob.
Theroomwasalwayskeptcleanandtidy.
短语动词
Vi+adv
Theplanetookofftwohourslate.
Vi+prep
TheylookedroundtheCathedral.
Vi+prep(有被动语态)
She’slookingafterhersister’schildren.
Thechildrenwerealwayswelllookedafter.
Vi+adv+prep
Ibegantolookforwardtotheirvisits.
Vt+O+adv
Somewomenchoosetostayathomeandbringuptheirchildren.
Thechildrenwerebroughtupbytheirmother.
Theytookhimon.
Vt+adv+O(无被动语态)
Iamtryingtogiveupsmoking.
Vt+O+prep
WetalkedDonaldintoagreement.
在以as,than,when,if,unless等引导的从句中的省略:
在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主语是itb),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉.
Lookoutforcarswhencrossingthestreet.
Whentakenaccordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffects.
Whiletherehejoinedinvoluntarylabouronaproject.
Althoughnotyetsixmonthsold,shewasabletowalkwithoutsupport.
Ifnotwellmanaged,irrigationcanbeharmful.
Thoughreducedinnumbers,theygainedinfightingcapacity.
Thisviewpoint,howeverunderstandable,iswrong.
Enemies,oncediscovered,weretightlyencircledandcompletelywipedout.
Shehurriedlylefttheroomasthough/ifangry.
Sheworkedextremelyhardthoughstillratherpoorinhealth.
Fillintheapplicationasinstructed.
Wheneverknown,suchfactsshouldbereported.
Thedocumentswillbereturnedassoonassigned.
Hesaidthatnoacrobatcouldeverperformthosedaringfeatsunlesstrainedveryyoung.
Oncehavingmadeapromise,youshouldkeepit.
IfnecessaryI’llhavetheletterduplicated.
Fillintheblankswitharticleswhere(ver)necessary.
Ifpossible,Ishouldliketohavetwocopiesofit.
Asscheduled,theymetonJanuary20attheChineseEmbassy.
在以thana)或asb)引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略.
Hetoldmenottousemorematerialthan(itis)necessary.
Weshouldthinkmoreofthecollectivethanofourselves.
Theyworkedwithasmuchenthusiasmasyoungpeople(did).
Heisnowavice-manager,butstilloftenworksinthekitchenasbefore.
Theirtrainingisfree,asisalleducation.
Wewill,asalways,standonyourside.
错误的省略
HislifeisasfullycommittedtobooksasanyoneIknow.
Whilestandingthereinhernightgown,twobulletsstruckthewallbesideher.
一致
如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with,togetherwith,aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,morethan等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式.
Terry,alongwithherfriend,goesskatingeverySaturday.
Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthiswork.
Thecaptain,aswellasthecoaches,wasdisappointedintheteam.
代词作主语时的一致
each,either,neither和由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词,都作单数看待.
Eachofushassomethingtosay.
Iseverybodyready?
Somebodyisusingthephone.
Neitherofushasgonethroughregulartraining.
Haseitherofthemtoldyou?
some,few,both,many等作复数
some可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一.
none作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念,但none在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数:
Noneofthebooksareeasyenoughforus
Noneofusseemtohavethoughtofit.
None(=notasingleone)ofushasgotacamera.
None(=nobody)hasfeltitmorekeenlythanshedid.
Noneofthisworriesme.
all和most可后接复数,也可接不可数名词(allofthe…,mostofthe…),动词用单数.
由and或both…and连接名词词组时,后用复数;由notonly…but(also),
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