托福TPO42阅读文本.docx
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托福TPO42阅读文本.docx
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GeographicIsolationofSpecies
BiologistErnstMayrdefinedaspeciesas“anactuallyorpotentiallyinterbreedingpopulationthatdoesnotinterbreedwithothersuchpopulationswhenthereisopportunitytodoso.”Akeyeventintheoriginofmanyspeciesistheseparationofapopulationwithitsgenepool(allofthegenesinapopulationatanyonetime)fromotherpopulationsofthesamespecies,therebypreventingpopulationinterbreedingWithitsgenepoolisolated,aseparatepopulationcanfollowitsownevolutionarycourse.Intheformationofmanyspecies,theinitialisolationofapopulationseemstohavebeenageographicbarrierThismodeofevolvingnewspeciesiscalledallopatricspeciation.
Manyfactorscanisolateapopulationgeographically.Amountainrangemayemergeandgraduallysplitapopulationoforganismsthatcaninhabitonlylowlandlakes,certainfishpopulationsmightbecomeisolatedinthisway.Similarity,acreepingglaciermaygraduallydivideapopulation,oralandbridgesuchastheIsthmusofPanamamayformandseparatethemarinelifeintheoceanwatersoneitherside.
Howformidablemustageographicbarrierbetokeeppopulationsapart?
Itdependsontheabilityoftheorganismstomoveacrossbarriers.Birdsandcoyotescaneasilycrossmountainsandrivers.Thepassageofwind-blowntreepollenisalsonothinderedbysuchbarriers,andtheseedsofmanyplantsmaybeearnedbackandforthonanimalsIncontrast,smallrodentsmayfindadeepcanyonorawideriveraneffectivebarrier.Forexample,theGrandCanyon,inthesouthwesternUnitedSlates,separatetherangeofthewhile-tailedantelopesquirrelfromthatofthecloselyrelatedHarris’antelopesquirrel.Smaller,withashortertailthatiswhiteunderneath,thewhite-tailedantelopesquirrelinhabitsdesertsnorthofthecanyonandwestoftheColoradoRiverinsouthernCaliforniaHams'antelopesquirrelhasamorelimitedrangeindesertssouthoftheGrandCanyon.
Geographicisolationcreatesopportunitiesfornewspeciestodevelop,butitdoesnotnecessarilyleadtonewspeciesbecausespeciationoccursonlywhenthegenepoolundergoesenoughchangestoestablishreproductivebarriersbetweentheisolatedpopulationanditsparentpopulation.Thelikelihoodofallopatricspeciationincreaseswhenapopulationissmallaswellasisolated,makingitmorelikelythanalargepopulationtohaveitsgenepoolchangedsubstantially.Forexample,inlessthantwomillionyears,smallpopulationsofstrayanimalsandplantsfromtheSouthAmericanmainlandthatmanagedtocolonizetheGalapagosIslandsgaverisetoallthespeciesthatnowinhabittheislands.
Whenoceanicislandsarefarenoughaparttopermitpopulationstoevolveinisolation,butcloseenoughtoallowoccasionaldispersionstooccur,theyareeffectivelyoutdoorlaboratoriesofevolution.TheGalapagosislandchainisoneoftheworldsgreatestshowcasesofevolutionEachislandwasbornfromunderwatervolcanoesandwasgraduallycoveredbyorganismsderivedfromstraysthatrodetheoceancurrentsandwindsfromotherislandsandcontinents.Organismscanalsobecarriedtoislandsbyotherorganisms,suchasseabirdsthattravellongdistanceswithseedsclingingtotheirfeathers.
ThespeciesontheGalapagosIslandstoday,mostofwhichoccurnowhereelse,descendedfromorganismsthatfloated,flew,orwereblownovertheseafromtheSouthAmericanmainlandForinstance,theGalapagosislandchainhasatotalofthirteenspeciesofcloselyrelatedbirdscalledGalapagosfinchesThesebirdshavemanysimilaritiesbutdifferintheirfeedinghabitsand
theirbeaktype,whichiscorrelatedwithwhattheyeatAccumulatedevidenceindicatesthatallthirteenfinchspeciesevolvedfromasinglesmallpopulationofancestralbirdsthatcolonizedoneoftheislands.Completelyisolatedontheislandaftermigratingfromthemainland,thefounderpopulationmayhaveundergonesignificantchangesinitsgenepoolandbecomeanewspecies.Later,afewindividualsofthisnewspeciesmayhavebeenblownbystormstoaneighboringisland.Isolatedonthissecondisland,thesecondfounderpopulationcouldhaveevolvedintoasecondnewspecies,whichcouldlaterrecolonizetheislandfromwhichitsfoundingpopulationemigrated.TodayeachGalapagosislandhasmultiplespeciesoffinches,withasmanyastenonsomeislands.
paragraph1
BiologistErnstMayrdefinedaspeciesas“anactuallyorpotentiallyinterbreedingpopulationthatdoesnotinterbreedwithothersuchpopulationswhenthereisopportunitytodoso.”Akeyeventintheoriginofmanyspeciesistheseparationofapopulationwithitsgenepool(allofthegenesinapopulationatanyonetime)fromotherpopulationsofthesamespecies,therebypreventingpopulationinterbreedingWithitsgenepoolisolated,aseparatepopulationcanfollowitsownevolutionarycourse.Intheformationofmanyspecies,theinitialisolationofapopulationseemstohavebeenageographicbarrierThismodeofevolvingnewspeciesiscalledallopatricspeciation.
1.Theword“key”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.earlyB.crucialC.noticeableD.frequent
2.Theword“initial”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.bestB.usualC.firstD.actual
3.Accordingtoparagraph1.allopatricspeciationispossiblewhen
A.apopulationcontainsallthedifferentgenespresentinaspeciesataparticulartime
B.apopulationbecomesisolatedduetothepresenceofageographicbarrier
C.geneticmixingbeginstooccurinpreviouslyseparatepopulationsofaspecies
D.aspeciesissuccessfulincrossingageographicbarrier
paragraph1&2
BiologistErnstMayrdefinedaspeciesas“anactuallyorpotentiallyinterbreedingpopulationthatdoesnotinterbreedwithothersuchpopulationswhenthereisopportunitytodoso.”Akeyeventintheoriginofmanyspeciesistheseparationofapopulationwithitsgenepool(allofthegenesinapopulationatanyonetime)fromotherpopulationsofthesamespecies,therebypreventingpopulationinterbreedingWithitsgenepoolisolated,aseparatepopulationcanfollowitsownevolutionarycourse.Intheformationofmanyspecies,theinitialisolationofapopulationseemstohavebeenageographicbarrierThismodeofevolvingnewspeciesiscalledallopatricspeciation.
Manyfactorscanisolateapopulationgeographically.Amountainrangemayemergeandgraduallysplitapopulationoforganismsthatcaninhabitonlylowlandlakes,certainfishpopulationsmightbecomeisolatedinthisway.Similarity,acreepingglaciermaygraduallydivide
apopulation,oralandbridgesuchastheIsthmusofPanamamayformandseparatethemarinelifeintheoceanwatersoneitherside.
4.Howisparagraph2relatedtoparagraph1?
A.Paragraph2pointsoutanumberofwaysinwhichthephenomenonofgeographicisolationmentionedinparagraph1canoccur
B.Paragraph2identifiesdiscoveriesthatledtotheconclusionpresentedinparagraph1thatgeographicisolationhasplayedaroteintheoriginofmanyspecies
C.Paragraph2providesevidencesupportingthestatementinparagraph1thatapopulationcanfollowitsownevolutionarycourseonceitsgenepoolbecomesisolated
D.Paragraph2explainswhytheterm“allopatric”wasadoptedtodescribethemethodofspeciationdescribedinparagraph1
paragraph3
Howformidablemustageographicbarrierbetokeeppopulationsapart?
Itdependsontheabilityoftheorganismstomoveacrossbarriers.Birdsandcoyotescaneasilycrossmountainsandrivers.Thepassageofwind-blowntreepollenisalsonothinderedbysuchbarriers,andtheseedsofmanyplantsmaybeearnedbackandforthonanimalsIncontrast,smallrodentsmayfindadeepcanyonorawideriveraneffectivebarrier.Forexample,theGrandCanyon,inthesouthwesternUnitedSlates,separatetherangeofthewhile-tailedantelopesquirrelfromthatofthecloselyrelatedHarris’antelopesquirrel.Smaller,withashortertailthatiswhiteunderneath,thewhite-tailedantelopesquirrelinhabitsdesertsnorthofthecanyonandwestoftheColoradoRiverinsouthernCaliforniaHams'antelopesquirrelhasamorelimitedrangeindesertssouthoftheGrandCanyon.
5.Inparagraph3,theauthorcontrastsavarietyoforganismstoillustratewhichofthefollowingpoints?
A.Geographicbarriersarelesslikelytokeepapartpopulationsofplantsthanpopulationsofanimals.
B.Geographicbarriersaremorelikelytokeepapartpopulationsoflargeorganismsthanpopulationsofsmallorganisms
C.Somemembersofaspeciesareabletocrossgeographicbarriers,whileothermembersofthesamespeciesarenot.
D.Theeffectivenessofgeographicbarriersinkeepingorganismsapartdependsonanorganism’sabilitytomoveacrossbarriers.
6.Paragraph3supportstheideathatwhite-tailedantelopesquirrelsandHams'antelopesquirrelshavewhichofthefollowingincommon?
A.TheyarethetwosmallestrodentsnowfoundinthesouthwesternUnitedStates.
B.Theyhavewhitecoloringunderneaththeirtails
C.TheycannotcrosstheGrandCanyon
D.Theycannotsurviveindesertconditions
paragraph4
Geographicisolationcreatesopportunitiesfornewspeciestodevelop,butitdoesnotnecessarilyleadtonewspeciesbecausespeciationoccursonlywhenthegenepoolundergoesenoughchangestoestablishreproductivebarriersbetweentheisolatedpopulationanditsparentpopulation.Thelikelihoodofallopatricspeciationincreaseswhenapopulationissmallaswellasisolated,makingitmorelikelythanalargepopulationtohaveitsgenepoolchangedsubstantially.Forexample,inlessthantwomillionyears,smallpopulationsofstrayanimalsandplantsfromtheSouthAmericanmainlandt
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