定语从句用法及重点解析完整.docx
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定语从句用法及重点解析完整.docx
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定语从句用法及重点解析完整
定语从句用法及重点解析
一.定语从句及相关术语
1.定语从句:
修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
2.关系词:
引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词
关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等;
关系副词有where,when,why等。
关系词常有3个作用:
1,引导定语从句。
2,代替先行词。
3,在定语从句中担当一个成分。
二.关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指人,在从句中做主语
(1)TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.
(2)YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.
2.whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。
(1)Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.
(2)Mr.LingisjusttheboywhomIwanttosee.
注意:
关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。
(3)Themanwho/whomyoumetjustnowismyfriend.
3.which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略
(1)Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.
(2)Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.
4.that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。
在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。
(5)Thenumberofthepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion.
(6)Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?
5.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语
(1)Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.
(2)Ioncelivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.
whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替
(3)Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.
(4)Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.
(5)Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?
(6)Doyoulikethebookthecolorofwhichisyellow?
三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时,从句常由介词+关系代词引导
(1)Theschool(that/which)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.
(2)Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.
(3)TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazine(that/which)youaskedfor.
(4)TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazineforwhichyouasked.
(5)We'llgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/that/who)wehaveoftentalkedabout.
(6)We'llgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.
注意:
1.含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如:
lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等
(1)Thisisthewatchwhich/thatIamlookingfor.(T)
(2)ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(F)
2.若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that;指物时用which,不能用that;关系代词是所有格时用whose
(1)Themanwithwhomyoutalkedismyfriend.(T)
(2)Themanwho/thatyoutalkedwithismyfriend.(F)
(3)TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadaisverycomfortable.(T)
(4)TheplaneinthatweflewintoCanadaisverycomfortable.(F)
3.“介词+关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或者数词
(1)Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.
(2)Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.
(3)Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.
四.关系副词引导的定语从句
1.when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语
(1)IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametotheschool.
(2)Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallycame.
2.where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语
(1)ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.
(2)ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.
3.why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语
(1)Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.
(2)Idon'tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.
注意:
关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
(1)Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear,
(2)Fromtheyearwhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoschoolhebegantoknowwhathewantedwhenhegrewup.
(3)Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthecityinwhich/whereIwasborn.
五.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句举例:
(1)TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon.
(2)Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.
非限制性定语从句举例:
(1)Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.
(2)China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.
要注意区分以下几个句子的不同
(1)Hisbrotherwhoisnowadoctoralwaysencourageshimtogotocollege.
他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。
(他还有其他的哥哥)
(2)Hisbrother,whoisnowadoctor,alwaysencourageshimtogotocollege.
他的哥哥是当医生的,常鼓励他要考上大学。
(他只有一个哥哥)
难点分析
(一)限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况
1.当先行词是anything,everything,nothing(something除外),few,all,none,little,some等代词时,或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等修饰时
(1)HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lihassaid?
(2)Thereseemstobenothingthatseemsimpossibleforhimintheworld.
(3)Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.
(4)ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.
注意:
当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who
(4)Anymanthat/.whohasasenseofdutywon'tdosuchathing.
2.当先行词被序数词修饰
(1)ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.
3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
(1)ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.
4.当形容词被thevery,theonly修饰时
(1)ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy,
(2)Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned.
当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who
(3)WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting/
5.当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时
(1)Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?
(2)WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?
6.当先行词既有人,也有动物或者物体时
(1)Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?
7.在therebe句型中,只用that,不用which。
1)不用that的情况
a)在引导非限定性定语从句时。
(错) Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.
b)介词后不能用。
Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.
Wedependonthelandthat/whichwegetourfoodfrom.
2.只能用which,不用that的情况:
(1)在非限制性定语从中。
例如:
Themeetingwasputoff,whichwasexactlywhatwewanted.
(2)定语从句由介词+关系代词引导,先行词是物时。
例如:
Thethingaboutwhichheistalkingisofgreatimportance.
(二)关系代词as和which引导的定语从句
as和which引导非限制性定语从句,有相同之处也有不同之处。
具体情况是:
1.As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,代表前面整个句子。
(1)Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.
(2)Hewashonest,as/whichwecansee.
2.as引导非限制性定语从句,可放在主句之前,或者主句之后,甚至可以切割一个主句;which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。
另外,as有“正如……,正像……”的意思
(1)Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.
(2)Heisfromthesouth,aswecanseefromhisaccent.
(3)John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.
(4)HehasbeentoParismorethanseveraltimes,whichIdon'tbelieve.
注意:
当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时,常用which
(5)Tomwasalwayslateforschool,whichmadehisteacherangry.
3.当先行次受such,thesame修饰时,常用as
(1)Ihaveneverheardsuchastoryashetells.
(2)Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.
(3)ThisisthesamebookasIlostlastweek.
注意:
当先行次由thesame修饰时,偶尔也用that引导定语从句,但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同
(4)SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary'swedding.
她穿着她在Mary婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。
(5)Sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore.
她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。
(三)以theway为先行词的定语从句通常由inwhich,that引导,而且通常可以省略。
(1)Thewayinwhich/that/./heansweredthequestionwassurprising.
(四)but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句
(1)Thereareveryfewbutunderstandhisidea.(but=whodon't)
(五)区分定语从句和同位语从句
1.定语从句修饰先行词,它和先行词是修饰关系;同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容,是补充说明的关系
(1)TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisforLondon.定语从句
(2)Thefactthathehasbeendeadisclear.同位于从句
2.定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导,关系词在句中充当成分,有时可以省略;同位语从句主要由that引导,在句中一般不做成分;句子也可以由when,where,how,why,whether,what等词引导,充当成分
(1)Thenewshetoldmeistrue.
(2)Thenewsthathehasjustdiedistrue.
(3)Theproblemthatwearefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney.定语
(4)Theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve.
3.同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子,而定语从句不可以
(1)Theideathatwecouldasktheteacherforadviceiswonderful.
(2)Theideawasthatwecouldasktheteacherforadvice.
(3)Thefactthattheearthmovesaroundtheearthisknowntoall.同位语
(4)Thefactisthattheearthmovesaroundtheearth.
四.非限定性定语从句
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句:
①限定性定语从句用于修饰和限定先行词,与先行词之间的关系非常密切。
它所修饰的词代表一个(些)或一类特定的人或东西。
如果删去,则剩下的部分意思就会含糊不清。
如:
Thisisthemanwhogavemethemoney.
这就是给我钱的那个人。
上句如删去从句whogavemethemoney,则成了Thisistheman.(这是那个人。
)完全失去了整个句子的意思,因而不能删掉。
②非限定性定语从句,在意义上,它是先行词的一个附加修饰语,是对先行词的进一步说明。
如果删去它,不影响整个句子的基本意思。
如:
WangDong,whoisintheroom,wantstoaskyousomequestions.
王东,他在房间里,想问你几个问题。
上述主句是WangDongwantstoaskyousomequestions,如果删去从句(whoisintheroom),并不影响整个句子基本意思的表达。
1.引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有:
who,whom,whose,which,when和where,不可以用that和why。
关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
2.非限制性定语从句从意义上讲,相当于一个并列句,在口语中使用并不普遍,在日常生活中,人们通常用并列句或简单句来表达。
如:
ItoldthestorytoJohn,wholaterdidittohisbrother.
=ItoldthestorytoJohn,andhelatertoldittohisbrother.
YesterdayIhappenedtoseeJohn,whowaseagertohaveatalkwithyou.
=YesterdayIhappenedtoseeJohnandhewaseagertohaveatalkwithyou.
③限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别可用表解如下:
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
形式上:
不用逗号和主句隔开
用逗号和主句隔开
意义上:
是先行词不可缺少的定语,不能删除
是对先行词的补充说明,删除后意思仍完整
译法上:
翻译成先行词的定语,“…的…”
通常翻译成主句的并列句
关系词的使用上:
做宾语时可省略
可用that
可用who代替whom
不可省
B.不用that
C.不用who代替whom
关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1)who,whom,that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:
Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?
他就是你想见的人吗?
(who/that在从句中作主语)
Heistheman(whom/that)Isawyesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。
(whom/that在从句中作宾语,可省略)
注意:
在日常英语常用who代替whom,但当whom前面有一个介词时,不能用who代替whom.
Themanwho/whomyouaretalkingtoismyfather.
Themantowhomyouaretalkingismyfather.
2)Whose用来指人或物,(只用作定语,,代替his/her/their/its若指物,它还可以同ofwhich互换),.
Hehasafriend,hisfatherisadoctor.
--Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.
Ioncelivedinahouse,itsroofhasfallenin.
--Ioncelivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.
Pleasepassmethebook,itscoverisgreen.
--Pleasepassmethebookwhose(ofwhich)coverisgreen.请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3)which,that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:
Footballisagamewhich/thatislikedbymostboys.(which/that在句中作主语)
Thisisthepen(which/that)heboughtyesterday.(which/that在句中作宾语,可省略)
练一练
1.Thisisthebag_____mymotherboughtyesterday.
A.thatB.whoC.whomD.this
2.Theman_____livesnexttousismyEnglishteacher.
A.whomB.whichC.whoD./
3.Thegirl_____yousawinthestreetisMary.
A.thatB.whoseC
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