初三英语D篇.docx
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初三英语D篇.docx
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初三英语D篇
D篇
东城
WhenwefoundTony,hewasasorrysight.Hisclothesweredirty.Therewasbloodalloverhisrightarm.Beforewereachedhim,wesawhimfall.Helayamoment.Thenhepulledhimselftohisfeet,walkedafewyardswithdifficultythroughthewoodsandfellagain.Whenweliftedhimofftheground,hetriedtobreakawayandrun,likeawildanimal.
Afterwegothimout,wewentbacktofindthegunthathehadthrowndown.Hisfootprintsshowedthatfortwodayshehadcircledintheforest,within200yardsoftheroad.Hissensesweresoweakbyfearthathedidnothearthecarsgoingbyorseethelightsatnight.Hewasverytired.Wefoundhimjustintime.Thisman,likeothersbeforehim,wasfulloffearwhenheknewhewaslost.
Whateversenseofdirectionthatamanmayhave,it’sstilllargelyaquestionofwatchingout.Anexperiencedwoodsmanalwayskeepsaneyeonthethingsaroundhim.Henotestheshapeofamountain,thedirectionthatwaterflowsthroughthemountain,andeverythingalongwithhimwhenhetravels—howatreeleansacrossitandhowarockstands.Heseesthewayandthegeneralflowsofwater.Withtheseinmind,hemaybeturnedaroundmanytimes,buthiswayisseldomlost.
Thereareexceptions,ofcourse,andonceinawhileamandoesgetintosomestrangedifficultythatputshimintothe“lost”column.Arainstormmaycatchhimwithoutacompasstoshowhimthedirection.Darknessmayfindhiminaveryhardsituation,wheretravelisdangerouswithoutalight.
Whenthishappens,thenormalfirstreactionisthefearofdifficultyasaresultofthispoorwoodsmanship.Hemayalsoworryaboutthetroublethathewillcausehisfriendswhenhedoesn’tshowup.Ifheisshortofexperience,hemaykeeponthemoveinanefforttofindthecampagainstallbadhappenings.Andtheresultisthathemightwalkincirclesorinthewrongdirectionandintheendbeathimselfoutphysicallyandmentally—hewillbefoundmadandcrazy.
57.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?
A.Tonywenttolookforawildanimal.
B.Tonyfoundhisguninthecirclehewalked.
C.Amanwillbefulloffearwhenhegetslost.
D.Amanwon’tgetlostifhehasasenseofdirection.
58.Theword“woodsmanship”refersto______.
A.waysofprotectingtheforest
B.theartoftravelingintheforests
C.theexperienceoffindingalostman
D.skillsofhelpingpeopleinthewoods
59.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?
A.Don’tBeMadB.FearsintheForest
C.EasytoGetLostD.WhattoDointheForest
海淀
The“haloeffect”isaclassicfindinginsocialpsychology.Itistheideathatgeneralevaluations(评价) aboutaperson(e.g.sheislikeable)influencejudgmentsabouttheirspecifictraits(品质)(e.g.sheisintelligent).Hollywoodstarsgivetheperfectexample.Becausetheyareoftenattractiveandlikeable,wenaturallyconsidertheyarealsointelligent,friendlyandsoon.Thatis,sometimes,nottrue.
Inthe1970s,well-knownsocialpsychologistRichardNisbettsetouttoprovethefactthatweactuallypaylittleattentiontoourthoughtprocessesingeneral,especiallytothehaloeffect.
Nisbettwantedtoexaminethewaystudentsmadejudgmentsaboutteachers.Theyhadbeendividedintotwogroupstowatchtwodifferentvideosofthesameteacher,whohappenedtohaveastrongIndianaccent.Onegroupwatchedtheteacheransweraseriesofquestionsinanextremelywarmandfriendlymanner.Thesecondgroupsawexactlythesamepersonanswerexactlythequestionsinacoldanddistantmanner.Inonetheteacherappearedtoliketeachingandstudents,andintheotherhecameacrossassomeonepowerfulwhodidn’tliketeachingatall.
Aftereachgroupofstudentswatchedthevideostheywereaskedtoevaluatetheteacheronphysicalappearance,mannerismsandevenhisaccent(mannerismswerekeptthesameacrossbothvideos).Thesameasthehaloeffectinfers,studentswhosawthe“warm”oneevaluatedhimmoreattractive,hismannerismsmorelikeableandevenhisaccentasmorepleasing.Thiswasunsurprisingasitbackeduptheideasonthehaloeffect.Atthesametime,forthosewhohadseentheothervideo,theresultwasjustthewrongwayaround.
Thesurpriseisthatstudentshadnocluewhytheygaveoneteacherhigherevaluations.Mostsaidthathowmuchtheylikedtheteacherhadnotinfluencedtheirevaluationofhisindividualtraitsatall.
Thehaloeffectisfascinatingandnowwell-usedinthebusinessworld.Forexample,booksthathave“HarvardClassics”writtenonthefrontcanasktwicethepriceoftheexactsamebookwithoutit.Thesameistrueinthefashionindustry.
So,thenexttimeyouconsiderbuyingapairofdesignerjeansordecidewhetheryoulikesomeone,askyourselfwhetherthehaloeffectisoperating.Areyoureallyevaluatingthetraitsoftheperson?
Thissimplecheckcouldsaveyouwastingyourmoneyorrefusingaloyalfriend.Orperhaps,evenifyoudocheck,you’llstillneverknow.
56.WhydoestheauthormentionHollywoodstarsinthefirstparagraph?
A.Tohelpustoevaluateothers.
B.Toexplainwhatthehaloeffectis.
C.Toshowusthebackgroundofthestory.
D.TotellusHollywoodstarsarenottrulyfriendly.
57.WhichonedoyouthinkisNOTanexampleofthehaloeffect?
A.Youmakefriendswiththepeoplewhohavegoodjudgments.
B.Youprefertobuytheproductsadvertisedbyamoviestar.
C.YoupaymoreforasimpleT-shirtwithafamousdesigner’snameonit.
D.Youbelieveyourteachersareintelligentbecausetheyappearlikeable.
58.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?
A.Peoplecandonothingtoavoidthehaloeffect.
B.Peopleusethehaloeffectwidelyinthebusinessworld.
C.Peopleoftenwonderhowthehaloeffectworksbeforeshopping.
D.Peoplesometimesdon’trealizethehaloeffectwhentheymakejudgments.
59.Thepassageismainlyabout_____.
A.thecauseofthehaloeffect
B.thedevelopmentofthehaloeffect
C.theevaluationofthehaloeffect
D.theinfluenceofthehaloeffect
石景山
SundayismorelikeMondaythanitusedtobe.Placesofbusinessthatusedtokeepdaytime“businesshours”arenowopenlateintothenight.AndontheInternet,thehourofthedayandthedayoftheweekhavebecomeirrelevant.AhalfcenturyagointheUnitedstates,mostpeopleexperiencedstrongandprecisedividinglinesbetweendaysofrestanddaysofwork,schooltimeandsummertime.Todaythedividinglinesarestillthere,buttheyseemnotclear.
ThelawinalmostallstatesusedtorequirestorestocloseonSunday;inmost,itnolongerdoes.Itusedtokeeptheschoolsopeninallseasonsexceptsummer,inmost,itstilldoes.Andwhethertheworkweekshouldstrengthenitslegal(法律的)limits,orwhetheritshouldbecomemorechangeable,isoftendebated(争论).Howshouldwe,asasociety,organizeourtime?
Shouldwegoevenfurtherinrelaxingthedividinglinesoftimeuntilweliveinaworldinwhicheveryminuteismuchlikeeveryother?
Thesearenoteasyquestionseventoask.Partofthedifficultyisthatweseldomrecognizethe“lawoftime”evenwhenwemeetitfacetoface.Weknowaschildrenthatwehavetogotoschoolacertainnumberofhours,acertainnumberofdays,acertainnumberofyears–butunlesswemeetthetruantofficer(学监),wemaywellthinkthatweshouldgotoschoolbecauseofsocialcustomandparents’requirementratherthantothelaw.Asadultsweknow“extrapayforovertimeworking”verywell,butlessfamiliarwiththefactthatwhatconstitutes(构成)“overtime”isamatteroflegalthing.Whenweturntheclockforwardtostartdaylight–savingtime,haveweeverthoughttoourselves:
“Hereisthelawinaction”?
Asweshallsee,thereisalotoflawthathasgreatinfluenceonhoworganizeandusetime:
compulsoryeducationlaw,overtimelaw,anddaylight-savinglaw–aswellaslawaboutSundayclosing,holidays,beinglatetowork,timezones,andsoon.Oncewebegintolookforit,wewillhavenotroublefindingalawoftimetoexamineandassess.
56.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“irrelevant”probablymean?
A.Impossible.B.Unacceptable.C.Unimportant.D.Disagreeable.
57.ThewriterraisesthequestionsinParagraph2tointroducethefactthatpeople_____.
A.areunknowingofthelawoftime
B.failtomakefulluseoftheirtime
C.welcomechangeableworkinghours
D.enjoyworkingovertimeformorepay
58.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethatmostchildrengotoschoolbecausethey_____.
A.havetofollowthelaw
B.needtofindsocialcustoms
C.needtolearnmoreknowledge
D.havetofollowtheirparents’requirement
59.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?
A.Ourlifeisgovernedbythelawoftime.
B.Howtousetimeisnotworthdebating.
C.Newwaysofusingtimechangeoursociety.
D.Ourtimetableisdecidedbysocialcustoms.
丰台
Thewebsthatspidersbuildtocatchinsects
seemweak.However,thestrengthofspiderthread
isgreaterthansteel.Webscanevenstandupto
verystrongstorms.
Nowateam,headedbyMarkusBuehler,
ascientistattheMassachusettsInstitute
ofTechnology,hasworkedoutwhythespiderweb
issostrong.Itisnotjustthestrengthofthethread,
butthecleverdesignoftheweb.Thekeytoa
web’ssuccessisitsabilitytokeepitsshapeandstrengthevenaftersomeofthethreadsbreak,saysBuehler.Thescientistsfoundthethreaditselfhastheabilitytobecomesofterorfirmer.Soitcanholddifferenttypesofheavythingsandbearalocalizeddamage(损坏).Thislocalizeddamagecansimplyberepaired,ratherthanreplaced,orevenleftaloneifthewebcontinuestoworkasbefore.
Buehler’sresearchismostlytheoretical(理论上的),basedoncomputermodelingo
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