cultural clash.docx
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cultural clash.docx
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culturalclash
CulturalConflict--QueuingattheToilet--
ChinesePerspective
TherehaveneverbeenenoughpublictoiletscomparedtoChina'senormouspopulation.However,thisdoesnotexplainwhyChineselineupdifferentlyfromtheirWesterncounterparts.Itisprobablybecausepeopleweretiredofseeingalonglineintherestroom.Somehow,theystartedtoformlinesinfrontofindividualtoilet.Thisway,thelinesseemshorterandpeoplecanhopethatthelinetheyhavetakenwouldbethe"express"line.
NorthAmericanPerspective
ThequestionofwhethertoformasinglecueinfrontofaservicewithmultiplestationsormultiplequeuesinfrontofeachstationisasubtleoneinNorthAmerica.Theconventionisthatfortoilets,asituationwheremanypeoplearelikelytobeequallyinneedofquickaccess,peopletendtoformasinglequeuewhereitisstrictlyfirst-come,first-served,ratherthantrusttotheluckofselectingalinethatismovingquickly.Othersituations,suchasliningupinabanktowaitforatellerortocheckinatanairlinecounter,thebusinesswillalsostructurethequeuesothatpeoplewi11beservedinthestrictorderoftheirpositioninline.Otherservices,though,suchasgoingthroughacheckoutlineinagrocerystoreorpassingthroughacustomslineatabordercrossing,peoplehavetoguesswhichlinewillgetthemtotheneededservicefastest.
CultureConflictTheory
SociologyofDeviantBehavior
Sociology3200-RobertKeel,Instructor
AsindicatedinourclassdiscussionfollowingthedevelopmentofSocialDisorganizationTheoryattheUniversityofChicagoduringtheearlyTwentiethcentury,questionsconcerningtheaccuracyofabroad,integratedandconsensualvalueandnormativesystememerged.Ratherthanconceptualizingdevianceasaproblemofthestressandstrainrelatedtoaweakeningofsocialcontrol,theidea,rootedinaMarxistimageofsocialinequalityandcompetition,ofthesocialsystembeingconstitutedbydiverseculturalgroupswithconflictinginterests,values,andnormsemerged.WithintheConflictperspective,devianceisconceptualizednotasabnormalbehaviorbroughtonbyfaultysocializationornormativeambiguity,butasanormal,politicalprocessbroughtaboutbyinter-groupstrugglefordominance.
ThorstenSellin(1938)emphasizedtheculturaldiversityofmodernindustrialsociety.ForSellin,lawembodiedthenormativestructureofthedominantcultural/ethnicgroup.Thecriminallawcontainsthe"crimenorms,"inappropriatebehavioranditspunishment,reflectingthevaluesandinterestsofthegroupssuccessfulinachievingcontrolofthelegislativeprocess.The"conductnorms"ofother,lesspowerfulgroupsreflectingtheirspecificsocialsituationsandexperiencesoftencomeintoconflict(CultureConflict)withthecrimenorms.Thisleadstotheproductionofdeviantorcriminaldefinitionssurroundingtheeverydaybehavioroftheindividualmembersoftheselesspowerfulgroups.Sellinindicatedthatassocietydiversifiedandbecamemoreheterogeneous,theprobabilityofgrowingandmorefrequentconflict,thereforedeviance,wouldincrease.
GeorgeVold(1958)continuedtoexpandontheseideas.Ratherthanattemptingtoexplaincrimeasindividuallawviolation,Voldsuggestsanunderstandingofthesocialnatureofcrimeasaproductofgroupstruggle.Humansarebynaturesocialbeings,forminggroupsoutofsharedinterestsandneeds.Theinterestsandneedsofgroupsinteractandproducecompetitionovermaintainingand/orexpandingonegroupspositionrelativetoothersinthecontrolofnecessaryresources(money,education,employment,etc.).Thiscompetitionisexpressedasapoliticalstruggle/conflictwiththegroupmostefficientatcontrollingpoliticalprocessesobtainingtheauthoritytopasslawsthatlimitthefulfillmentofminoritygroupneeds.
In1969,AustinTurkdevelopedageneralconflicttheoryofcrime.TurkdrawsontheanalysisofmodernsocietypresentedbyRalfDahrendorf.DahrendorfexpandedonMarxism'semphasisonthesocialrelationsofproductionasakeytounderstandingpowerandfocusedonthestruggleinamodernindustrialsocietyforinstitutionalauthority.Thisispowerthatisembeddedinthestructuralrelationscharacteristicofagivensociety,legitimatepoweroftendivorcedfromownershipofproductiveforces,powerinthesocialinstitutionsthatdominateeverydaylife;theauthorityvestedingroupswhocontrolkeypositionsinreligious,educational,governmental,andevenfamilyrelations.Thisauthoritycanbelinkedtoeconomicposition,butitisnotnecessarilydependentuponit.Turk:
...examinesauthority-subjectrelationshipswithininstitutionswithlittleconcernforoverarchingoroverlappingauthority-subjectrelationshipsacrossinstitutions.Withinthisgeneralframework,Turkfocusesonlegalconflictandcriminalization.Specifically,heasksthefollowingtwoquestions:
1.Underwhatconditionsareauthority-subjectculturalandbehavioraldifferencestransformedintolegalconflict?
2.Underwhatconditionsdothosewhoviolatelaws(normsoftheauthorities)becomecriminalized?
Inotherwords,underwhatcircumstancesarelawsenforced?
(Liska,1987:
178)
Turk'sanswertothesequestionsissummarizedasetofsixpropositions.(ThefollowingistakenfromLiska,1987:
178-180)
Inanswertothefirstquestionabove:
Proposition1:
Conflictbetweenauthoritiesandsubjectsoccurswhenbehavioraldifferencesbetweenauthoritiesandsubjectsarecompoundedbyculturaldifferences.
Proposition2:
Conflictismoreprobablethemoreorganizedarethosewhohaveanillegalattributeorengageinanillegalact.
Proposition3:
Conflictismoreprobablethelesssophisticatedthesubjects.
Theprobabilityofenforcementcanbeconditionalizedas:
Proposition4:
Theprobabilityofenforcementoflegalnormsincreasesasthecongruencebetweentheculturalandbehavioralnormsofauthoritiesincreases.
Proposition5:
Thelowerthepoweroftheresisters(subjects),thehighertheprobabilityofenforcement.
Proposition6:
Thelowertherealismofnormviolators(resisters),thehighertheprobabilityofenforcement.(emphasisadded)
Summary
Turkpresentsapictureofcrimeanddevianceinamodern,complexandheterogeneoussocietyasanongoingstruggle.Equilibriumisdifficult,ifnotcompletelyimpossibletoachieve.Thebehaviorofanygroup,andperhapsmostimportantly,theculturalmeaningandsignificanceattachedtothebehaviorisdestinedtoprovokeanegativereactionfromanothergroup.Inparticular,authoritygroupswillcontinuouslystrivetomaintainandexpandtherecontroloversocietalresourcesbydefiningtheactivityof"subjectgroups"asthreatening(thereforedeviantand/orcriminal),totheexistingorder(implicithereistheideathattheexistingorderistheorder,theonlylegitimateorder).
Cross-culturalconflictcanbedefinedasconflictgenerated,andperhapsexacerbatedorperpetuated,byculturaldifferencesamongthegroupsinvolvedintheconflict.Aperson'scultureinformshisorherworldview,moralcode,judgments,andideasorperceptionsaboutothers.Ofcourse,theseaspectsofaculturecanbeincorrectormisinformed,leadingtoconflictwithotherculturesorgroupsofpeople.Thepowerofcultureisstrong,however,anditcanbedifficulttoovercomecross-culturalconflict,asevidencedbythenumerousconflictsbetweendifferentculturalgroupsthatcontinuetoragearoundtheworldtoday.
WhatIsCross-CulturalConflict?
1.History
oThehistoryofcross-culturalconflictisextensive,stretchingbacktotheverybeginningofcivilizationandtheemergenceofdistinctiveculturesaroundMesopotamiainancienttimes.FromtheRomanandPersianconquestsandsubsequentpersecutionsofgroupswhodidnotconformtotheirlawsandsocieties,totheCrusadesoftheMiddleAges,tothecross-culturalconflictthatcroppeduparoundtheAgeofExplorationandColonialisminthe1500sthroughthe1800s,thistypeofconflicthasaverylongandviolenthistory.
Considerations
oOneimportantconsiderationwhenstudyingcross-culturalconflictistheissueofreligion.Religionisanextraordinarilypowerfulforceinthelivesofmanypeoplethroughouttheworld,andifonefeelsthattheirreligiousbeliefsarecalledintoquestionorareindangerduetoanotherfaithorgroupwhodonotpractice(orperhapsrespect)thesamefaith,onemayfeelcompelledtoprotectthatfaith,evenbyviolence.
Geography
oCross-culturalconflicthashistoricallyoccurred,oriscurrentlytakingplace,throughouttheworld.PerhapsthemostfamousareasofcurrentconflictaretheMiddleEastandcountriesinAfrica(suchastheDarfurregionofSudan).Bothexamplesinvolvedifferenttribalallegiancesandreligiousaffiliationswhichhaveledtodistrustandprejudice.Thedisturbingresultshavebeenanoutpouringofviolenceandactsofretaliation,whichhavecausedtheseconflictstospiraloutofcontrol.Cross-culturalconflictscanbeparticularlydifficulttoovercomeincountrieswheregovernmentsandsocietiesareunstable,astheyareinmanyMiddleEasternnationsandDarfur.
Effects
oCross-culturalconflictcanleadtoadividedworldinwhichconflictsarepromoted,thoughthosefightingthemmaynotevenknoworunderstandtherootcauseoftheconflict.Thiscanleadtoheightenedtensions,discriminationandevenviolenceinplaceswherecross-culturalconflictleadstodistrustandfear.Thiskindofviolentconflictoccursallovertheworld,fromtheMiddleEasttoSouthAmerica.
Prevention/Solution
oAssuggestedbyMichelleLeBron,alawprofessorattheUniversityofBritishColumbia,culturalfluencyiskeytounderstandingthosewhoarediffer
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