Performance Testing of CFLs.docx
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Performance Testing of CFLs.docx
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PerformanceTestingofCFLs
InternationalCFLHarmonizationInitiative
PerformanceTestingofCFLs:
AComparativeAnalysisfortheAPECRegion
(WorkingGroup3)
by
JiangLin,LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory(LBNL)
LiTienanandHanWei,ChinaStandardsCertificationCenter(CSC)
LiAixianandChenHaihong,ChinaNationalInstituteforStandardization(CNIS)
7October2005
Background
Increasingly,energyconservationhasbeenadoptedasakeygovernmentpolicyaroundtheworldtomitigatetheimpactsofglobalclimatechangeandtoachievebettereconomicwelfare.Compactfluorescentlights(CFLs)areoneofthemostwidelypromotedandrecognizedenergyconservationtechnologies.Acasualscanintheliteraturefindsthatatleast24countrieshavesomeformsofpromotionalactivitiestargetingCFLs(CLASP,2005).
Mostoftheseprogramshavesettheirownperformancespecifications,andsomewhatdifferenttestingprotocols,makingitdifficultforpolicy-makersandmanufacturerstocompareandunderstandthedifferencesbetweenprogramrequirementsinvariouscountries.Thus,harmonizingtheperformancespecificationsandcorrespondingtestingprotocolsforhigh-qualityCFLswouldhelptoreducesuchbarriersofentrytovariousmarketsaroundtheworld.
InMay2005,atthe6thInternationalConferenceonEnergyEfficientLightinginShanghai,morethan80delegatesparticipatedinaspecial-sessionaboutCFLs,coveringmanyoftheperformanceissuesconcerningharmonizingspecificationsforhighqualityCFLsaroundtheworld.Atthissession,thedelegatesagreedinprincipletopursueinternationalCFLharmonization,includingfurtherresearchontheissuesofcreatingauniformtestingprocedurethatcouldeventuallybesubmittedtotheIECorotherinternationalbody;andfurtherresearchondevelopmentofarangeofperformancespecificationsforselfballastedCFLstofacilitatetestingcomparisonsandpossiblerationalizationofCFLperformancerequirements(APEC-ESIS2005).
ThispaperidentifiesvarioustestingprotocolsusedforCFLsinvariouscountriesandcomparesthem,atleastforasetofcommonperformanceindices.Theresultsshowthatforthemostpart,alltestingprotocolsarevariantsoftwodominantprotocols,oneusedprincipallyintheNorthAmericanandoneusedelsewhereintheworld.Onthecorelistofperformanceindicesconsideredinthispaper,theyarepracticallythesameorconsideredequivalent.Thus,anopportunityexiststoexplorethepotentialforfullharmonizationoftheseprotocols(atleastforcoreperformanceindices)atsomepointinthefuture.Aharmonizedtestprotocolwouldlaythefoundationforharmonizationofperformancespecifications.
OverviewofCFLtestingprotocols
Currently,24differenteconomieshaveimplementedenergy-efficiencystandardsandlabelingprogramsforcompactfluorescentlamps.Amongeconomieswithalabelingprogram,threeeconomieshavemandatorylabels,andtwenty-twoeconomieshavevoluntarylabels.AmongeconomieswithaminimumefficiencystandardforCFLs,twelveeconomieshavemandatoryrequirements,andonehasvoluntarystandard.ThereareevenmorecountrieswhereCFLsarepromoted,inadditiontothestandardsandlabelingprogramscountedabove.Forexample,EU’sQualityCharterforCFLsdefinesasetofperformancespecificationsthatparticipatingmanufacturershaveagreedtoadheretovoluntarilyintheirproducts(EU).
TheexpansionofindependentnationalstandardsandlabelingprogramspresentsachallengingenvironmentformanufacturersandhinderstheinternationaltradeinCFLs,whichinturncouldlimittheavailabilityofqualityCFLsincertainmarkets.Manufacturersproducingfortheinternationalmarketcurrentlyfaceseveralexportspecificationsduetodifferentnationalprogramsandrequirementsinimportingnations.Asthenumberofnationalstandardsandlabelingprogramsincreases,thecostsofmanufacturingandtestingforeachuniquesetofrequirementsriseaswell.Thereisaclearneedforharmonizingnationalstandardsorlabelingspecifications.However,inordertoharmonizevariousnationalstandardsorlabelingspecifications,itisnecessaryfirsttosettleonacommonsetoftestingprotocols.
Table1listssomeofthecountriesintheAPECregionwithastandardorlabelingprogramforCFLsandtheircorrespondingtestingprotocols.
Table1:
OverviewofCFLtestingstandardinAPECMembersEconomies
APECMemberEconomies
NationalTestStandard
ReferenceTestStandard
Canada
CAN/CSA-C861-95
IESLM66
Chile
NCh2695:
2002
IEC60969
People'sRepublicofChina
GB19044-2003/GB/T-17263
IEC60969
HongKong,China
IEC60969
RepublicofKorea(SouthKorea)
KSC7621-99
IEC60969
India
IS15111:
Part2:
2002
IEC60969
Mexico
Nom-017-ener-1997
IEC60901
Australia/NewZealand
Underdevelopment
Philippines
PNS603-2-Amd.1:
2001
IEC60969
Russia
Nodetaildescription
Singapore
CIE84-1989
AS/NZS60969:
2001
IEC60969
Thailand
TIS236-2533
IEC60081
USA
USEnergyStar
IESLM66;ANSIC78.5-2003
Table1showsthatthetestingprotocolsusedinthesenationalprogramsaremostlydrawnfromthreeprinciplesources:
1)theIEC(InternationalElectro-technicalCommission),2)ANSI(AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute),and3)IESNA(IlluminatingEngineeringSocietyofNorthAmerica).EconomiesinNorthAmericatendtouseIESNAandANSItestingstandards,whiletherestoftheworldtendstouseIECtestingstandards.Thekeytop-levelreferencedtestingstandardsinclude:
IEC60969.Self-ballastedlampsforgenerallightingservices—Performancerequirements.Edition1.2,2001-03.
IEC60901-1/97.Single-cappedfluorescentlamps—Performancespecifications.Edition2.2,2001-11.
ANSIC78.375-1997.FluorescentLamps—GuideforElectricalMeasurements.FirstEdition,1997.
ANSIC78.5-2003.SpecificationsforPerformanceofSelf-ballastedCompactFluorescentLamps.
IESNALM-66-00.IESNAApprovedMethodfortheElectricalandPhotometricMeasurementsofSingle-EndedCompactFluorescentLamps.2000.
IESNALM-65-01.IESNAApprovedMethodforLifeTestingofCompactFluorescentLamps.2001.
NotethatIEC60081-1997(Double-cappedfluorescent1amps--Performancespecifications),whichisreferencedbyThailand,appearstobeanolderversionoftestingstandardfordouble-cappedfluorescentlamps,andthuswillnotbeincludedinthecomparisonbelow.
ComparisonofTestingStandards
Forthisanalysis,wefocusonthefollowingperformanceindices;
(a)Lamplife.
(b)Efficacy.
(c)Lumenmaintenance.
(d)Colorappearanceandcolorrenderingindex.
(e)StartingandRun-upTime
(f)Mercurycontent.
Lifetime
LifetimeofCFLsistypicallymeasuredasanaveragelifetimeofagroupofCFLs.Averagelifetimeisthelengthoftimebywhich50%ofanylargenumberoflampsreachestheendoftheirindividuallives.
LifetimeTesting
Forlifetimetesting,therelevanttestingstandardsareIESNALM-65-01andIEC60901-97(andsometimesIEC90696).
Thekeydifferencebetweenthesetestingstandardsistheoperatingcycle.IEC60901requirestheoperatingcycletobe15minutesoffafter2hours45minutesofoperation.IESNAspecifies20minutesoffafter3hoursofoperation.IEC60969providesamoreflexibleoperationcyclewhichrequireslampsbeswitchedoffeighttimesinevery24hoursrunning,withoffperiodsof10to15minutes,andonperiodsofatleast10minutes.
Table2:
ComparisonofConditionsforIECandIESNATests
Condition
IEC60969
IEC60901-1/97
IESNALM-65-01
Ambientconditions
Withintherangeof15oCto40oC;excessivedraftsavoided.Theseconditionsareunderconsideration.
Withintherangeof15oCto50oC;excessivedraftsavoided.
Mustbecontrolledwithinlimitssetbylamp&ballastmanufacturers;usuallybetween15oCand35oC.Testingmustbesuspendediftemperaturerangeisexceeded.Airflowminimized.
PowerSupply
Ratedvoltagewithatoleranceof±2%
Supplyvoltageandfrequencynottovarymorethan2%fromtheratedvoltageandfrequencyoftheballast
Inputvoltageregulatedtowithin±2%ofratedrmsvalue.
Operatingcycle
Lampsshallbeswitchedoff8timesinevery24hrrunningtime."Off"periodshallbebetween10min.and15min."On"periodshallbeatleast10min.
165minonand15minoff(N.Americantimesarenoted)
180minonand20minoff
Itisunlikelythatsuchaminordifferenceinoperatingcyclewouldhaveanappreciableimpactonthelifetimeoflamps,providedthatothertestingconditionsarethesame.ForaCFLwitharatedlifetimeof6000hours,theIESNAtestingstandardimplies1800cycles,andIEC2000cycles.
Allthreetestingstandardshavesimilarrequirementsfortestingconditionsandinstrumentation.However,theIESNAstandardhassmallerrangesintermsofambienttemperature.AdetaileddiscussioncanbefoundinFridleyetal2005.
Efficacy
Efficacy,orinitialefficacy,isdefinedastheratioofinitialluminousfluxoverthemeasuredinputpoweroftheCFLbeingtested.
LuminousMaintenance
Luminousmaintenanceisluminousfluxatagiventimeinthelifeofthelampandexpressedasapercentageoftheinitialluminousflux.Themeanlumensaremeasuredat40%oftheratedlifetime.
TestingofEfficacyandLuminousMaintenance
Thesemeasurementsarederivedfromphotometricandelectricaltestingresults.Forphotometrictesting(suchasluminousintensity,luminousflux,color,andetc.),bothIEC60969andIESNALM-66referenceCIE84-1989(TheMeasurementofLuminousFlux),thusareequivalent.However,IESNAprovidesmoreoptionsonthemeasurementofluminousflux,eitherthroughtheuseofanintegratedsphere,orthroughcomputationfromnormalintensity.
Forelectricalmeasurements,t
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