有效交流名词解释.docx
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有效交流名词解释.docx
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有效交流名词解释
Chapter1
senders:
personswhoformulate,encode,andtransmitamessage
receivers:
personswhoreceive,decode,andinterpretamessage
message:
thecontentofacommunicativeact
Channels:
mediathroughwhichmessagesaresent
noise:
anythingthatinterfereswithordistortstheabilitytosendandreceivemessages
context:
thesetting
feedback:
informationreturnedtoamessagesource
positivefeedback:
abehavior-enhancingresponse
negativefeedback:
aresponsethatextinguishesbehaviorinprogress
effect:
thecommunicationoutcome
needforinclusion
theneedforsocialcontact
needforcontrol
theneedtofeelwearecapableandresponsible
needforaffection
theneedtoexpressandreceivelove
Chapter2
globalization:
theincreasingeconomic,political,andculturalintegrationandinterdependenceof diversecultures
diversity:
therecognitionandvaluingofdifference
multiculturalism:
engagementwithandrespecttowardpeoplefromdistinctlydifferentcultures
interracialcommunication:
interpretingandsharingmeaningswithindividualsfromdifferentcultures
interethniccommunication:
interactionwithindividualsofdifferentethnicorigins
internationalcommunication:
communicationbetweenpersonsrepresentingdifferentnations
intraculturalcommunication:
interactionwithmembersofthesameracialorethnicgrouporco-cultureasyours
melting-potphilosophy:
theviewthatdifferentculturesshouldbeassimilatedintothedominantculture
culturalpluralism:
adherencetotheprincipleofculturalrelativism
culturallyconfused:
lackinganunderstandingofculturaldifference
culturalimperialism:
theexpansionofdominionofonecultureoveranotherculture
ethnocentrism
thetendencytoseeone’sowncultureassuperiortoallothers
culturalrelativism
theacceptanceofotherculturalgroupsasequalinvaluetoone’sown
prejudice
apositiveornegativeprejudgment
culture
asystemofknowledge,beliefs,values,customs,behaviors,andartifactsthat
areacquired,shared,andusedbymembersduringdailyliving
co-cultures
groupsofpersonswhodifferinsomeethnicorsociologicalwayfromthe
parentculture
assimilation
themeansbywhichco-culturemembersattempttofitinwithmembersofthedominantculture
accommodation
themeansbywhichco-culturemembersmaintaintheirculturalidentitywhilestrivingtoestablishrelationshipswithmembersofthedominantculture
separation
themeansco-culturemembersusetoresistinteractingwithmembersofthedominantculture
high-contextcommunication
atradition-boundcommunicationsystemwhichdependsonindirectness
low-contextcommunication
asystemthatencouragesdirectnessincommunication
high-power-distancecultures
culturesbasedonpowerdifferencesinwhichsubordinatesdefertosuperiors
low-power-distancecultures
culturesthatbelievethatpowershouldbeusedonlywhenlegitimate
masculinecultures:
culturesthatvalueaggressiveness,strength,andmaterialsymbolsofsuccess
femininecultures:
culturesthatvaluetendernessandrelationships
AmonghighlymasculineculturesareJapan,Italy,Germany,Mexico,andGreatBritain.Amonghighly,feminineculturesareSweden,Norway,theNetherlands,Thailand,andChile.
Chapter3
perception
theprocessbywhichwemakesenseoutofexperience
selectiveperception
themeansofinterpretingexperienceinawaythatconformstoone’sbeliefs,expectations,andconvictions
selectiveexposure
thetendencytoexposeoneselftoinformationthatreaffirmsexistingattitudes,beliefs,andvalues
selectiveattention
thetendencytofocusoncertaincuesandignoreothers
selectiveretention
thetendencytorememberthosethingsthatreinforceone’swayofthinkingandforgetthosethatopposeone’swayofthinking
figure-groundprinciple
astrategythatfacilitatestheorganizationofstimulibyenablingustofocusondifferentstimulialternately
perceptualschemata
constructsusedtoorganizeperceptions
closure:
thetendencytofillinmissingperceptualpiecestoperceiveacompleteworld
self-awareness
theabilitytoreflectonandmonitorone’sownbehavior
self-concept
everythingonethinksandfeelsaboutoneself
self-image
thesortofpersononeperceivesoneselftobe
self-efficacy
optimisticbeliefinone'sowncompetence
self-fulfillingprophecy
apredictionoranexpectationthatcomestruesimplybecauseoneactsasifitweretrue
openarea:
thepartoftheselfcontaininginformationknowntoboththeselfandothers
blindarea:
thepartoftheselfknowntoothersbutnotknowntooneself
hiddenarea:
thepartoftheselfthatcontainsInformationabouttheselfknowntooneselfbutthatishiddenfromothers
unknownarea:
thepartoftheselfthatisunknowntooneselfandothers
impressionmanagement
thecreationofapositiveimagedesignedtoinfluenceothers
perceivedself
theselfwebelieveourselvestobe
facework
themeansusedtopresentapublicimage
presentingself
ourpublicimage
highself-monitors
peoplehighlyattunedtoimpressionmanagementefforts
lowself-monitors
peoplewhopaylittleattentiontoresponsesothershavetothem
perceptualsets:
expectationsthatproduceareadinesstoprocessexperienceinapredeterminedway
haloeffect:
theperceivingofqualitiesthatareprimarilypositive
horneffect:
theperceivingofqualitiesthatareprimarilynegative
firstimpressions:
initialjudgmentsaboutpeople
predictedoutcomevaluetheory:
thetheorythatweformrelationshipsbasedonwhetherwebelievetheyareworthit
primacyeffect:
theabilityofone'sfirstimpressiontocolorsubsequentimpressions
stereotype:
ageneralizationaboutpeople,places,oreventsheldbymanymembersofasociety
prejudices:
abiased,negativeattitudetowardaparticulargroupofpeople;anegativeprejudgmentbasedonmembershipinasocialcategory
allness:
theerroneousbeliefthatanyonepersoncanknowallthereistoknowaboutanything
blindering:
theprocessbywhichoneunconsciouslyaddsrestrictionsthatlimitone'sperceptualcapabilities
fact:
thatwhichisknowntobetruebasedonobservation
inference:
anassumptionwithvaryingdegreesofaccuracy
empathy:
theexperencingoftheworldfromaperspectiveotherthanourown.
culturalnearsightedness:
thefailuretounderstandthatwedonotallattributethesamemeaningstosimilarbehavioralclues
idiocentric:
exhibitinganindividualisticorientation
allocentric:
exhibitingacollectivisticorientation
distinctivenesstheory:
thetheorystatingthataperson’sowndistinctivetraitsaremoresalienttohimorherthanarethemoreprevalenttraitspossessedbyothersintheimmediateenvironment
cultivationtheory:
atheorypropoundedbyGeorgeGerbnerandcolleaguesfocusingonthemassmedia’sabilitytoinfluenceusers’attitudesandperceptionsofreality
chapter4
Language:
aunifiedsystemofsymbolsthatpermitsthesharingofmeaning
symbol:
thatwhichrepresentssomethingelse
triangleofmeaning:
amodelthatexplainstherelationshipwhichexistsamongwords,things,andthoughts
denotativemeaning:
dictionarymeaning;theobjectiveordescriptivemeaningofaword
connotativemeaning:
subjectivemeaning;one’spersonalmeaningforaword
Jargon:
specializedvocabularyoftechnicaltermssharedbyacommunityofusers
Slang:
informalvocabularythatbindsuserstogether
bypassing:
miscommunicationthatoccurswhenindividualsthinktheyunderstandeachotherbutactuallymisseachother’smeaning
polarization:
theuseofeither-orlanguageand/orlanguagethatcausesustothinkinextremes
euphemism:
apleasantwordthatissubstitutedforalesspleasantone
dominantculture:
thecultureinpower;themainstreamculture
Sapir-Whorfhypothesis:
thebeliefthatthelabelsweusehelpshapethewaywethink,ourworldview,andourbehavior
Linguisticdeterminism:
thebeliefthatlanguageinfluenceshowweinterprettheworld
Linguisticrelativity:
thebeliefthatpersonswhospeakdifferentlanguagesperceivetheworlddifferently
linguisticprejudice:
theuseofprejudicedlanguage
prejudicedlanguage:
sexist,ageist,orracistlanguage;languagedisparagingtothemembersofaco-culture
racialcodewords:
wordsthatarediscriminatorybutnotliterallyracist
qualifiers:
tentativephrases
tagquestions:
questionsthataremidwaybetweenoutrightstatementsandyes-noquestions
disclaimers:
remarksthatdiminishastatement’simportance
gender-lects:
DeborahTannen’stermforlanguagedifferencesattributedtogender
chapter5
nonverbalcommunication:
thekindsofhumanmessagesandresponsesnotexpressedinwords
mixedmessage:
messagethatoccurswhenwordsandactionscontradicteachother
Kinesics:
thestudyoftherelationshipbetweenhumanbodymotion,orbodylanguage,andcommunication
paralanguage:
vocalcuesthataccompanyspokenlanguage
pitch:
thehighnessorlownessofthevoice
habitualpitch:
thecharacteristicpitchoneuses
volume:
thedegreeofloudnessofthevoice
rate:
speakingspeed
silence:
theabsenceofbothparalinguisticandverbalcues
informalspace
spacethatishighlymobileandcanbequicklychanged
semi-fixed-featurespace
spaceinwhichobjectsareusedtocreatedistance
fixed-featurespace
spacethatcontainsrelativelypermanentobjects
artifactualcommunication:
theuseofpersonaladornments
Chronemics:
thestudyoftheuseoftime
haptics:
thestudyoftheuseoftouch
Olfactics:
thestudyofthesenseofsmell
visualdomin
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