高三英语一轮复习名师语法讲座.docx
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高三英语一轮复习名师语法讲座.docx
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高三英语一轮复习名师语法讲座
2008年高三英语一轮复习名师语法讲座
状语从句专项精讲精练
基本用法:
状语从句在句中只做状语,可修饰主句中的动词、形容词和副词等。
状语从句由从属连词引导,位置可放在句首或句末。
放在句首时,从句后面常用逗号;放在句末时,从句前往往不用逗号。
状语从句根据含义可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、让步、条件、等八种。
状语从句的考查主要在从属连词、时态和语序上。
从属连词的选择主要从连词的意义入手;时态主要从一致性和先后关系考虑;语序是陈述句的语序。
一、时间状语从句
常用以下连词:
when,as,while,before,after,since,till,until,assoonas,hardly…when…,nosooner…than…,themoment,etc.
1.when引导的从句:
从句的动作可以和主句的动作同时进行,也可以先于或后于主句的动作发生。
Eg.IwasgoingoutwhenLiHuacame. Whenitrains,Igotoschoolbybus.
Theycontinuedtheirwaywhenthestormhadpassed.
ThetrainhadleftwhenIgottothestation. Ishalltellherthenewswhenshecomes.
2.as引导的从句:
从句的动作可以和主句的动作同时进行。
Asthestudentswalkedalongtheriver,theysanghappily.
3.while引导的从句:
强调某一段时间主句和从句的动作在同一时期进行。
KeepaneyeonmybabywhileI’mbusy.
While有时表示对比, Iwasdoingmyhomeworkwhilehewaslisteningtotheradio.
4.before引导的从句:
表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前。
Ididn’tknowanyEnglishbeforeIcamehere.
Ihadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforemyparentscamehere.
5.after引导的从句:
表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后。
Afterheclosedthedoor,heleft. Afterhehadfinishedschoolhewenttotheuniversity.
6.since引导的从句:
从句一般表示动作的起点,用过去时。
主句表示动作的延续的情况,一般用现在完成时。
如果主句表示的不是延续的动作而是表示目前的状态,可用一般现在时。
Sinceheenteredtheuniversity,hehasmadegreatprogressinmathsstudies.
Itis20yearssinceshejoinedtheparty.
7.till/until引导的从句:
1)表示“直到”,主句和从句都用肯定式;2)表示“直到…才…”,主句用否定式,从句用肯定式。
Eg.Theyworkedtillitwasdark..
Shedidn’tgotobeduntilshehadreviewedherlessons.
8.assoonas引导的从句:
主句和从句一般都用过去时;当主句的时态是一般将来时,从句要用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
Eg.HebegantoreadEnglishassoonashecametotheclassroom.
Hewillwritetomeassoonashearrivesthere.
二、原因状语从句 常由because,since,as引导.
Eg.Hedidn’tcometoschoolbecausehewasill.(表示直接的因果关系)
Astheweatherwasfine,wedecidedtogoonatrip.(表示明显的原因)
Sinceeverybodyishere,let’sbeginourmeeting. (表示附带的原因)
三、地点状语从句:
常由where,wherever引导.
Eg.I’llgowherethelivingconditionsaredifficult.
Whereveryouare,youshouldworkhard. Makemarkswhereyoudon’tunderstand.
四、条件状语从句:
常有if,unless,so/aslongas,once等连接词或连接词组引导
Eg. I’llgototheGreatWalltomorrow,wouldyouliketogowithme?
Ishallgounlessitrains.Youmayusethebookaslongasyoureturnitontime.
五、比较或方式状语从句:
常由as…as…,than,themore…themore…,as,asif等引导.
Eg.I’mastallasyou,butyouarestrongerthanI.
Themoreyoupractise,themoreknowledgeyouwillget.
WeshouldstudyashardasLeninstudied.
Theoldmanrunsveryfastasifhewereayoungman.
六、目的状语从句:
常由sothat,that,inorderthat引导.
Eg.Hesetoutearly(so)thathecouldcatchthefirstbus.
Shetakesnotescarefullyinclasssothatshemayusethemwhenshereviewsherlessons.
七、结果状语从句:
常由sothat,so…that…,such…that…等词引导.
Eg.Thestudentsdidtheexercisessowellthattheteacherpraisedtheminclass.
Itissuchaheavyboxthatnobodycanmoveitaway.
Hegotupearlysothathecaughtthefirstbus.
八、让步状语从句
常由though,although,evenif.however,whatever,nomatterhow/who等词引导.
Eg.Althoughtheydidheavyworkthatday,theywereallinhighspirits.
Shecarriedonthejobevenifshehashadabadcoldforseveraldaysnow.
HowevermuchItried,Ifailedtoworkoutthemathsproblem.
状语从句的特殊连词
状语从句是高考中从句考查的热点。
引导状语从句除用常规连词以外,我们还常见到一些表现形态特殊的连词,这类连词可分为以下六种:
一、名词型连词
表时间的有themoment,theinstant,theminute,thesecond(一……就……)every/eachtime(每当,每次),nexttime(下次),thelasttime(上次),thefirsttime(第一次);表达方式和条件的有theway(按照,像,如果照这样……下去);表让步的有nomatter…(无论)等.
Eg.Themomentheenteredtheroom,Billfixedthechainacrossthedoor.
Youmustdotheway(=as)yourteachersteachyou.
Theway(=if)youarestudyingnow,you’llmakemuchprogress.
Nomatterhow(=However)badlytheyhadsleptshewasalwaysupearly.
二、副词型连词
instantly,immediately/directly(一…就…),其语气依次由强到弱;nowthat(既然);everywhere(每一的地方)和wherever意思接近;once(一旦)等.
Eg.Theyoungladyrushedintotheroomimmediatelyheheardthenoise.
Nowthattheycouldridehorses,itbecameeasiertohuntthebison.
EverywhereIgo,Ifindthesamething.
对比以下句子:
Ihavelookedformypeneverywhere.(adv.)
Shewenttoseehimimmediatelyaftershegottheletter.(adv.)
一.分词型连词
这类分词失去了日常分词作状语时应考虑的句子主语的逻辑关系,完全成了连词,主要表示条件、原因和让步关系,有providing,provided(多用于正式文体)(that)(假如,只要),supposing(用于问句),suppose(that)(假如),seeing(that)(既然),considering(that)(考虑到,因为),granting/granted(that)(即使)等。
Eg.Shewillgoprovidedherfriendscangoalso.
Supposing/Supposeshedoesn’tcome,whatshallwedo?
Seeingquiteafewcomradeswereabsent,wedecidedtoputthemeetingoff.
Consideringthey’rejustbeginners,they’redoingquiteagoodjob.
二.介词+名词型连词
onconditionthat(条件是),incase(如果;以防)inorderthat(为了,以便),forfearthat(以防),bythetime(到…时),inspiteofthefactthat/inspitethat(尽管),inviewofthefact(鉴于)等。
Eg.We’llletyouusetheroomonconditionthatyoukeepitcleanandtidy.
Sendusamessageincaseyouhaveanydifficulty.
Hespokeloudlyinorderthateverybodycouldhearhim.
Shutthedoorforfearthatitwillrain.
对比以下用法:
Shutthedoorforfearofrain. Incaseoffire,ringthebell.
三.呼应型连词
这类连词由两部分构成,前后呼应,有以下几种:
1.表示时间的nosooner…than…,hardly…when…,scarcely…when…(一…就…)
Eg.Hehadhardlygonetobedwhenthedoorbellrang.
Nosoonerhadhereachedthestationthanthetrainleft.
2.表示结果的so/such…that…(如此…以致于…)
Eg.Itissuchagoodbookthatnobodydoesn’twanttogetit.
Sofastdidhewalkthatnoneofuswashisequal.
3.表示比较的as…as…(和……一样),notas/so…as(不如)。
Eg.Jackdoesn’tworkashardasJim.
4.表示让步的whether…or…(无论…还是…)
Eg.Whetherhedrivesorflies,he’llbehereontime.
四.As…as…惯用型连词
这类连词有:
asfaras(就……而言,尽……所能,只要),solongas(只要),assoonas(一…就…)等。
遇到这类结构要注意区分是固定连词,还是as..as…比较结构.
Eg.IwillhelpyouasfarasIcan.
Aslongasyoudon’tloseheart,you’llsucceedsoonerorlater.
Couldyouringmeupassoonashearrives?
常见考点:
考点一、主句与从句的时态呼应问题;
考点二、连接词的选择(注意区别几组连接词:
while/as/when引导时间状语从句;because/since/as/for引导原因状语从句;if/unless引导条件状语从句;so…that/such…that引导结果状语从句等);
考点三、状语从句与非谓语动词之间的替换;
考点四、状语从句的倒装结构(hardly/scarcely…when;nosooner…than等)
Canyouseeasfarasthefootofthehill?
2008年高三英语一轮复习主谓一致专项精讲精练
基本用法及常见考点
在英语中,句中谓语动词必须在人称和数上与主语保持一致,主要遵循以下三个原则:
㈠语法一致原则 主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数;主语为复数形式,谓语动词也用复数形式。
JaneandMarylookhealthyandstrong.
Helikesreadingstories.
Someofthefurniturehasbeenmovedtoanotherroom.
㈡意义一致原则
Herfamilyareallearlyrisers.
Theoldaretakengoodcareofinourmotherland.
㈢就近一致原则
Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheteacherdoesn’tknowaboutit.
Thereisabookandtwopensonthedesk.
下面就从名词做主语、代词做主语、数词量词做主语等四个方面进行详细分析。
I.名词作主语:
1.集体名词做主语
1)有些集体名词(如:
family,class,crowd,crew,enemy,team,public,government,club,army,group等)作主语,如果视为一个整体,谓语动词用单数;若就其中一个个成员而言,谓语动词用复数。
Myfamilyisabigone..(整体) ThewholefamilyarewatchingTV.(具体成员)
Thevillageisnotfarfromhere.(整体).Thewholevillageareoutgreetinghim.(具体成员)
2)有些集体名词(如:
people,police,cattle,folk,mankind)只当复数看待,谓语动词用复数。
Thepolicearesearchingforhim. Cattleareonecauseoftheproblem.
3)有些无生命的集体名词(如:
jewellery,poetry,equipment,clothing等)作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
Muchofherjewellrywasmissing. Theequipmentofthelabiscarriedbytwotrucks.
注意:
population用法Thepopulationinourcountryisverylargeandeightypercent ofthepopulationarefarmers.
2.表示时间、金额、度量、距离等复数名词作主语时,作整体看待,谓语动词用单数。
Threeyearshaspassed. Tenthousanddollarsisnotenough.
3.国名、书报名、剧名、山水名、城市名、学科等专有名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
山脉(theHimalayas)、群岛(thePhilippines)、瀑布(theNigaraFalls)等名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数。
TheUnitedNationswasfoundedin1945. Mathsseemstobedifficultforme.
TheSelectedPoemsofLiBaiwaspublishedlongago. WalesliestothewestofEngland.
ThePhilippineslietothesoutheastofChina.(群岛)
4.一些由两个部份构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时,谓语常用复数形式,如:
clothes,trousers,shoes,shorts,glasses,goods,chopstics(筷子)等,但由apairof, akindof, aseriesof等修饰时,谓语动词一般用单数。
Hertrousersarebeautifulindeed. Apairofshoeswasonthedesk.
5.单复数同形的名词(如:
means,works,Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish等),作单数时,谓语用单数;反之谓语用复数。
TheglassworkswasrebuiltinJuly,1979.
The(These)glassworksareneartherailwaystation.
它们前面有a,sucha,this,that,every等修饰时,谓语用单数;有all,such,these,those修饰时,谓语用复数。
Means,nomeans,themeans前无修饰词时,谓语单复数均可。
Everymeanshasbeentried.(每一种办法) Allmeanshavebeentried.(所有办法)
Thereis(are)nomeansofgettingthere.
6.不定代词each,every,no修饰的名词,即使以and或逗号连接成多个并列主语,谓语的动词仍然用单数形式。
Eachboyandeachgirlwantstoservethepeopleinthefuture.
7.主语由morethanone…或manya…构成,意义复数,谓语动词却用单数。
Morethanonestudenthasseenthefilm“Titanic”.
Manyashiphasbeendamagedinthestorm.
但“more+名词复数+thanone”作主语,谓语动词一般用复数形式。
Moreyoungteacthersthanoneareagainstthisplan。
8.thenumberof, a/the/thispair(kind,type)of,either/neitherof+名词复数作主语,谓语动词用单数
Iseitherofyourparentsanengineer?
Thereisapairofshoesleftontheshelf.
Thiskindofbook=abookofthiskind(这种书),其谓语用单数;thiskindofmen=menofthiskind,但前者谓语用单数,后者谓语用复数。
Thiskindofmenisdangerous. Menofthiskindaredangerous.
9.主语+aswellas(asmuchas,nolessthan,with,alongwith,togetherwith,ratherthan,like,but,except,besides,including)时,其谓语单复数与主语保持一致。
Theteacherwithanumberofstudentsisintheclassroom.
Nothingbutstampsandenvelopesisforsale.
10.由and,both…and连接并列主语时,谓语动词常用复数。
Plasticsandrubberneverrot.
Bothmyfatherandmysisterarewriters.
但并列主语表示同一人、同一事物、同一概念,谓语动词用单数。
Thepoetandwriterisgone.
Goingtobedearlyandgettingupearlyisagoodhabbit.
Aknifeandforkisonthetable.
Breadandbutterisservedforthebreakfast.
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