阅读理解解题技巧之推理判断解题指导.docx
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阅读理解解题技巧之推理判断解题指导.docx
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阅读理解解题技巧之推理判断解题指导
二轮复习阅读理解解题技巧之推理判断解题指导
命题方式的特点
英语阅读中,有时作者并未把意图说出来,阅读者要根据字面意思,通过语篇逻辑关系,研究细节的暗示,推敲作者的态度,理解文章的寓意,这就是推理判断题。
推理判断题在阅读测试中属于难题。
要求考生在理解全文的基础上,从文章本身所提供的信息出发,运用逻辑思维、哲学原理,并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。
推理判断题常见的题型有细节推断题、因果推断题、写作意图推断题、人物性格、态度及观点判断题、预测想象推断题、短文来源、读者对象推测题等。
命题方式考法
(1)细节推断类-------关键词句的推敲
(2)写作意图类-------文体特点推意图
(3)观点态度题-------褒贬措辞定态度
(4)文章出处或读者对象类--------内容细节巧判断
推理判断类题目常见的设问方式
(1)Itcanbeinferred/concludedfromthepassagethat________.
(2)Whichofthefollowingconclusionscanwedrawaccordingtothepassage?
(3)Theautherstronglysuggeststhat_________.
(4)Thepassageimplies,butdoesn'tdirectlystatethat________.
(5)Thewriter/autherimplies/indicates/suggeststhat________.
(6)Theauthorprobablyfeelsthat________.
(7)Theauthorusestheexampleof...toshowthat________.
(8)What'stheauthor'sattitudetoward...?
(9)Whatisthemainpurposeoftheauthorwritingtext?
(10)Theauthorwritesthelastparagraphinorderto__________
选项的特点
(1)正确选项的特点
①在文章中可以找到信息支持,并且可以推断出正确选项。
②大多含义深刻,不是常识选项。
(2)干扰项的特点
①颠倒是非:
选项的结果与推断出来的正确结果相反。
②照搬原文:
原文里有相关的直接信息,不需要经过推断。
③推理过度:
把文章中的一些个案绝对化、扩大化。
④无中生有:
捏造原文中并不存在的信息,并以此作为依据进行推断。
解答推理判断题应注意的问题
(1)把握全文是推断的前提。
把握全文内容,在彻底理解的基础上,从字里行间捕捉有用的提示或线索,这是推理判断的前提和基础。
(2)推理要有理有据。
推理判断题不能毫无根据地凭主观臆断做出在原文中找不到根据的推理,也不能妄加猜测,对表面文字信息做多步推理,必须忠实于原文,以材料所提供的相关事实和线索为依据,使做出的推理合乎文意。
(3)切忌用自己的观点来代替作者的观点。
一定要认真分析,仔细揣摩,充分利用文章中的关键信息,弄清作者的写作目的和观点、态度,决不能将自己的观点强加到作者身上。
(4)把握句、段之间的逻辑关系,了解语篇结构。
要体会文章的基调,揣测作者的态度,找准逻辑发展的方向,悟出作者的弦外之音。
(5)利用背景知识进行推理。
有时做推理判断题需要结合自己所掌握的相关背景知识及经验、常识进行分析、判断,从而得出符合常理的结论。
[考法综述] 推理判断是指在理解原文字面意义的基础上,通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示,作出一定的判断和推理,从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程。
它主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力以及考生的识别能力。
推理判断题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话,也可能是某几句话,要求考生在遵循原文意义的基础上,对文章字面信息进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理,揭示其深层含义。
常出现的推理判断题有逻辑推理、知识推断等。
这类考题中常出现的词有:
infer,imply,suggest,indicate,conclude,learnfrom,probably,mostlikely,can,could,may,might等。
命题法1 细节推断
典例1 SincethefirstEarthDayin1970,Americanshavegottenalot“greener”towardtheenvironment.“Wedidn'tknowatthattimethatthereevenwasanenvironment,letalonethattherewasaproblemwithit,”saysBruceAnderson,presidentofEarthDayUSA.
Butwhatbeganasnothingimportantinpublicaffairshasgrownintoasocialmovement.Businesspeople,politicalleaders,universityprofessors,andespeciallymillionsofgrassrootsAmericansaretakingpartinthemovement.“Theunderstandinghasincreasedmany,manytimes,”saysGaylordNelson,theformergovernorfromWisconsin,whothoughtupthefirstEarthDay.
AccordingtoUSgovernmentreports,emissions(排放)fromcarsandtruckshavedroppedfrom10.3milliontonsayearto5.5milliontons.ThenumberofcitiesproducingCObeyondthestandardhasbeenreducedfrom40to9.Althoughseriousproblemsstillremainandneedtobedealtwith,theworldisasaferandhealthierplace.Akindof“greenthinking”hasbecomepartofpractices.
Greatimprovementhasbeenachieved.In1988therewereonly600recyclingprograms;todayin1995thereareabout6,600.Advancedlights,motors,andbuildingdesignshavehelpedsavealotofenergyandthereforepreventedpollution.
Twentyfiveyearsago,therewerehardlyanyeducationprogramsforenvironment.Today,it'shardtofindapublicschool,university,orlawschoolthatdoesnothavesuchakindofprogram.“Untilwedothat,nothingelsewillchange!
”saysBruceAnderson.
本文为说明文,题材是节能环保类。
作者阐述了自1970年以来,美国在环境保护方面所取得的成就。
1.WhathaveAmericansachievedinenvironmentalprotection?
A.Theyhavecutcaremissionstothelowest.
B.Theyhavesettledtheirenvironmentalproblems.
C.TheyhaveloweredtheirCOlevelsinfortycities.
D.Theyhavereducedpollutionthrougheffectivemeasures.
2.Whatisespeciallyimportantforenvironmentalprotectionaccordingtothelastparagraph?
A.Education. B.Planning.C.Greenliving.D.COreduction.
【答案解析】A 推理判断题。
依据最后一段的内容可推知,环保意识教育至关重要。
命题法2 写作意图推断
典例2 Peoplearen'twalkinganymore-iftheycanfigureoutawaytoavoidit.
IfeltsuperioraboutthismatteruntiltheotherdayItookmycartomailasmallparcel.Thejourneyisamatterof281steps.ButIusedthecar.AndIwasn'tinanyhurry,either.Ihadmerelybecomeonemorevictimofanationalsickness:
motorosis.
ItisanillnesstowhichIhadthoughtmyselfimmune(免疫的),forIwasbredinthetraditionofgoingtoplacesonmyowntwolegs.Atthattime,weregarded25milesasagoodday'swalkandtheabilitytocoversuchadistanceintenhoursasasignofstrengthandskill.Itdidnotoccurtousthatwalkingwasahardship.Andtheeffectwaslasting.WhenIwas45yearsoldIraced-andbeat-ateenagefootballplayerthe168stepsuptheStatueofLiberty.
Suchenterprisestodayareregardedbymanymiddleagedpersonsasbadfortheheart.ButawellknownBritishphysician,SirAdolpheAbrahams,pointedoutrecentlythatheartsandbodiesneedproperexercise.Apersonwhoavoidsexerciseismorelikelytohaveillnessesthanonewhoexercisesregularly.Andwalkingisanidealformofexercise-themostfamiliarandnaturalofall.
ItwasHenryThoreauwhoshowedmankindtherichnessofgoingonfoot.Themanwalkingcanlearnthetrees,flowers,insects,birdsandanimals,thesignificanceofseasons,theveryfeelofhimselfasalivingcreatureinalivingworld.Hecannotlearninacar.
Thecarisaconvenientmeansoftransport,butwehavemadeitourwayoflife.Manypeopledon'tdaretoapproachNatureanymore;tothemtheworldtheywereborntoenjoyisallthreat.Tothemsecurityisasteelriverthunderingonaconcreteroad.Andmuchoftheirthinkingtakesplacewhilewaitingforthetrafficlighttoturngreen.
Isaythatthegreenofforestsisthemind'sbestlight.Andnonebutthemanonfootcanevaluatewhatisbasicandeverlasting.
Whatistheauthor'sintentionofwritingthispassage?
A.Totellpeopletoreflectmoreonlife.
B.Torecommendpeopletogiveupdriving.
C.Toadvisepeopletodooutdooractivities.
D.Toencouragepeopletoreturntowalking.
命题法3 观点态度推断
典例3 ThefreezingNortheasthasn'tbeenaterriblyfunplacetospendtimethiswinter,sowhenthechancecameforaweekendtoSarasota,Florida,mybagswerepackedbeforeyoucouldsay“sunshine”.IleftforthelandofwarmthandvitaminC(维生素C),thinkingofbeachesandorangetrees.Whenwetoucheddowntoblueskiesandwarmair,Isentupasmallprayerofgratefulness.Swimmingpools,winetasting,andpinksunsets(atnormaleveninghours,not4intheafternoon)filledtheweekend,butthebestpart—particularlytomytaste,dulledbymonthsofcoldweatherrootvegetables—wasa7a.m.adventuretotheSarasotafarmers'marketthatprovedtobemorethanworththeearlywakeupcall.
WhatdidtheauthorthinkofherwinterlifeinNewYork?
A.Exciting.B.Boring.C.Relaxing.D.Annoying.
【答案解析】根据第一段第一句话可以看出作者认为在寒冷的冬天,东北地区是一个无趣的地方。
故B项正确。
命题法4 文章来源或读者对象的推断
典例4 Theproductionofcoffeebeansisahuge,profitablebusiness,but,unfortunately,fullsunproductionistakingovertheindustryandbringingaboutalotofdamage.Thechangeinhowcoffeeisgrownfromshadegrownproductiontofullsunproductionendangerstheveryexistenceofcertainanimalsandbirds,andevendisturbstheworld'secologicalbalance.
Onalocallevel,thedamageoftheforestrequiredbyfullsunfieldsaffectsthearea'sbirdsandanimals.Theshadeoftheforesttreesprovidesahomeforbirdsandotherspecies(物种)thatdependonthetrees'flowersandfruits.Full-suncoffeegrowersdestroythisforesthome.Asaresult,manyspeciesarequicklydyingout.
Onamoregloballevel,thedestructionoftherainforestforfullsuncoffeefieldsalsothreatens(威胁)humanlife.Medicalresearchoftenmakesuseoftheforests'plantandanimallife,andthedestructionofsuchspeciescouldpreventresearchersfromfindingcuresforcertaindiseases.Inaddition,newcoffeegrowingtechniquesarepoisoningthewaterlocally,andeventuallytheworld'sgroundwater.
Bothlocallyandglobally,thecontinuedspreadoffullsuncoffeeplantations(种植园)couldmeanthedestructionoftherainforestecology.Thelossofshadetreesisalreadycausingaslightchangeintheworld'sclimate,andstudiesshowthatthelossofoxygengivingtreesalsoleadstoairpollutionandglobalwarming.Moreover,thenewgrowingtechniquesarecontributingtoacidic(酸性的)soilconditions.
Itisobviousthatthewaymuchcoffeeisgrownaffectsmanyaspectsoflife,fromthelocalenvironmenttotheglobalecology.Butconsumersdohaveachoice.Theycanpurchaseshadegrowncoffeewheneverpossible,althoughatahighercost.Thefuturehealthoftheplanetandmankindissurelyworthmorethananinexpensivecupofcoffee.
Wheredoesthistextprobablycomefrom?
A.Anagriculturalmagazine.B.Amedicaljournal.
C.Anengineeringtextbook.D.Atouristguide.
【答案解析】根据整篇文章来看,多次提到种植grow,讨论了fullsuncoffeeproduction对环境等的影响,应与农业有关,故选A。
【解题法】 文章来源或读者对象推断题的解题思路
(1)文章来源题,考生应具备一些常识,对报刊、网络童话、广告等有一定了解。
根据文章特点,文中关键词、文章所阐述内容找到与之相应的文章来源。
(2)读者对象推断题,首先把握作者的写作意图,然后推断读者对象。
命题法5 预测推断题
典例5 Despitetheseriousnatureofinspections,theyresultedinsomefunnymoments.BettyByrnesrememberedwhenhermotherdidnothavetimetowashallthedishesbeforeaninspection.Atthetime,peopledidnothavedishwashersintheirhomes.Inanefforttocleanupquickly,MrsByrnestossedallthedishesintoabigbreadpan,coveredthemwithacloth,andstuckthemintheoven.Iftheinspectoropenedtheovendoor,itwouldlooklikebreadwasbaking.Heneverdid.
Iftheinspectorhadopenedtheovendoor,hewouldhaveseen________.
A.anemptypanB.manycleandishes
C.piecesofbakedbreadD.aclothcoveringsomething
【解题法】 预测推断题的解题思路
(1)从文中找到与题干相关的信息。
(2)理解文意,对事件可能的结局或下一段可能涉及的内容进行预测推断。
(3)把握作者的写作思路,作出合理准确的推断。
专项训练
细节推断类
(2017·太原二模)Threeye
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