高中英语定语从句详解 3.docx
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高中英语定语从句详解 3.docx
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高中英语定语从句详解3
高中英语定语从句详解
高中英语定语从句详解
◆英语谚语欣赏
1.Hewhoknowsnothingbutpretendstoknoweverythingisindeedagood-for–nothing.
不懂装懂,一事无成.
2.It’sthefirststepthatcosts.千里之行,始于足下
3.Hethatmakeshimselfasheepshallbeeatenbythewolf.甘当小绵羊,迟早要喂狼.
Ⅰ.概念:
(1)定语从句:
在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。
定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。
(2)先行词:
被定语从句修饰的成份。
先行词可以为一个词,短语,或整个主句。
(3)引导定语从句的词叫关系词,分为关系代词和关系副词。
关系词的作用:
1)引导定语从句,连接主句和从句,相当于一个连词;
2)必在从句中作某个句子成份(可以做主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语)
常用的关系代词that、which、who、whom、whose、as、but(文语,置于否定词之后=thatwho…not…,没有……不……,在从句中作主语,宾语)
常用的关系副词(在从句中只作状语)when、why、where
ThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.
Iknowthereasonwhyhewassoangry.
Theboy(whom)youaretalkingtoismybrother.
I'dlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.
定语从句三步:
第一找出先行词;
第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能(做主语、宾语或状语);
第三选择合适的关系词。
Ⅱ.几个关系代词的基本用法:
●that可指人或物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语。
(指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句;不可置于介词后作宾语)如:
1.Aletterthatwhichiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.(主语)
2.Doyouknowthegentlemanthatwhospokejustnow
3.Youcantakeanything(that)youlike.(宾语)
4.Whatisthequestion(thatwhich)theyaretalkingabout
5.Hereistheman(whowhomthat)youwanttosee.
6.She'snolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobebefore.(表语)
7.Ourhometownisnolongertheone(that)itusedtobe.
=Ourhometownisnotthesameasitusedtobe.
=Ourhometownisdifferentfromwhatitusedtobe。
=Ourhometownisnotwhatitusedtobe.
●which指物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语,定语。
如:
1.Thebookwhichthatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymyfather.(主语)
2.Thebook(whichthat)Iboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.(宾语)
3.Thefactoryinwhichhisfatherworksisfarfromhere.
4.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.(表语)
5.Tomspentfouryearsincollege,duringwhichtimehelearnedFrench.(定语)
6.Hemaybelate,inwhichcaseweoughttowaitforhim.
●who,whom,whose
who主格,在从句中作主语,在口语或非正式用法中作宾语;只可指人
whom宾格,在从句中作宾语;只可指人
whose属格,在从句中作定语,可指人也可指物。
Ilikethestudentswhothatworkhard.(主语)
Allwhoheardthestorywereamazed.(代词如he,they,any,those,all,one等后多用who.)
Chaplin,forwhomlifehadoncebeenveryhard,wasasuccessasanactor.(宾语)
He'samanfromwhomweshouldlearn.
=He'saman(whomwhothat)weshouldlearnfrom.
比较:
Heisthestudentwhomyouthinktobeworthyofyourpraise.
Heisthestudentwhoyouthinkisworthpraising.
Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.(指人)
I'dlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.(指物)
=I'dlikearoomofwhichthewindowfacessouth.
=I'dlikearoomthewindowofwhichfacessouth.
ThereisateapotshapedlikeaChineseduck,outofwhosemouthteaissupposedtocome
关系代词作介词宾语
关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时,介词可放于从句之首,也可放于从句之末.但以放于句首较为正式.(介词前置,必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。
关系代词who和that用作介词宾语时,介词必须放在句末.)
Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.
=Thisisthebook(thatwhich)youaskedfor.
DoyouknowthepersonwithwhomIshookhands?
=Doyouknowtheperson(whomwhothat)Ishookhandswith
Thebeginningofagriculturewasabigstepinhumanprogresswithwhichnothingcouldcompareuntilourinformationage.
Inthedarkstreet,therewasn'tasinglepersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.
Isthisthefactorytowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek
Isthisfactorytheonetowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek
Thisisthegirlwhomtheyarelookingafter.(介词after与look构成固定词组,不可前置。
lookat,lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等)
●as的用法(as引导定语从句,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)
①如为限制性的,多用于thesame…as;thesameas;such…as…;asmanymuchas;so…as等结构中。
如:
※Ihavethesamebookasyou(have).我有一本和你的一样的书。
Herattitudetohimwasquitethesameasithadalwaysbeen.(关系代词as和指示代词same连用,在从句中用作表语,先行词是same.)
.---Whydidn'tyoumentionthatinfaceofthepolicejustnow
---Ithoughtitwassuchaminordetailaswashardlyworthmentioning.
Wewillonlydiscusssuchproblemsashavesomethingtodowithourowninterests.
Don'tdosuchthingsasyouarenotsureabout.
Thereisnosuchplaceasyoudreamofinallthisworld.
比较:
Iliveinthesamehousethatheusedtolivein.
I'mwearingthesameshirtasyouworeyesterday.
比较:
Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.(定语从句)
Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.(结果状语从句)
②如为非限制性的,多单独引导一个定语从句,这种定语从句可置于句首,句中或句尾,译为正如,这一点。
(动词常为know,see,expect,pointout,etc.)
Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as作宾语)
=Asisknowntoall,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as作主语)
=It'sknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultoone'shealth.
=Smokingisharmfultoone'shealth,asweallknow.(as作宾语)
=Smoking,asweallknow,isharmfultoone'health.
Hewasaforeigner,asIknewfromhisaccent.(宾语,先行词是前面整个句子)
Ⅲ.关系副词引导的定语从句
●When指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。
其先行词是表时间的名词(如:
time,day,week,tear,month,etc.)
HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.
Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whentheweatherwouldbebetter.
注意:
先行词为时间名词,可用when引导定语从句,when在定语从句中作状语;还可以用which或that引导,which或that在从句中作主语或宾语。
比较Istillrememberthedaywhenonwhichmybrotherjoinedthearmy.(作状语)
Nextmonth,whenyouwillbeinyourhometown,isjustaroundthecorner.
Istillrememberthedayswhichthatwespenttogether.(作宾语)
Nextwinterwhichthatyou'llspendinHarbin,I'msure,willbeexciting.
IshallneverforgetthedaywhenShenZhouⅤwaslaunched,whichhasagreateffectonmylife.
Thereareoccasionswhenjokingisnotpermissible.
●Where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。
其先行词是表示地点的名词,如:
place,school,factory,room,etc.
ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.
Iliveintheroomwhereinwhichheusedtolive.
注意:
先行词是地点名词,定语从句可用where引导,还可用which或that引导,whichthat在从句中作主语或宾语。
比较※Thisisthefactorywhereinwhichheworkedlastyear.(作状语)
Thetreatmentwillcontinueuntilthepatientreachesthepointwherehecanwalkcorrectlyandsafely.
Ithinkyouhavegottothepointwhereachangeisneeded,oryouwouldfail.
Governmentreports,legalpapersandmostbusinesslettersarethemainsituationswhereEnglishisused.
He'sgothimselfintoadangeroussituationwherehe'slikelytolosecontroloftheplane.
ThesmallmountainvillagewherewespentourholidaylastmonthliesinwhattheplacewhichisnowpartofHubei.
Thisistheparkwhichthattheyvisitedlastyear.(作宾语)
Nothavingbeentherebefore,hesimplyhadnoideaabouttheplace,whicheveryonesaysisworthvisiting.
●Why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。
先行词为reason时,可用forwhich指代;当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时,则用which或that引导。
如:
Thereasonwhyforwhich(that)hedidn'tattendthemeetingwasthathewasill.
Idon'tbelievethereason(thatwhich)hegaveme.(作宾语)
Haveyouaskedhimthereasonthatmayexplainhissuccess(作主语)
Ex.)Hewaslate.That'sbecausehegotuplate.
.Hegotuplate.That'swhyhewaslate.(表语从句)
(thereason)whyforwhichhewaslate.(定语从句)
当先行词为way时,定语从句常用that,inwhich,或how引导,that常可以省略。
way后的定语从句的引导词不用时较多。
但如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语
时,则用which或that引导。
如
Thisistheway(that)inwhichIdosuchthings.
比较Pleasedotheexperimentintheway(thatwhich)Ihaveshownyou.
Ⅳ.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:
1.形式上,非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。
2.语法上,非限制性定语从句一般不用that.
3.语义上,限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密,起限定作用,如果去掉了这个定语从句,整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思;而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密,对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。
ThisisthebookIlikebest.这就是我最喜欢的那本书。
Beijing,whichhasbeenChina'scapitalformorethan800years,isrichinculturalandhistoricrelics.北京是中国八百年之久的古都,它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。
4.翻译时,限制性定语从句可译为一句(较短的一般译为的字结构);而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。
(见上句翻译)
比较Hehasasister,whoisamusician.
Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.
引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词,指人时用who,whom,whose,指物时用which,whose;关系副词when,where,why,etc.
1.Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichleadstohissuccessinhislaterlife.
2.Tom'sfather,whoarrivedjustnow,isafamousscientist.
3.Theysetupaseparatestateoftheirown,wheretheywouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves.
4.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.
Ⅴ.几个易混淆的关系代词的比较
●that&which
在定语从句中,which和that在指代事物时,一般可以互换使用,但并非在任何情况下都是这样,这里介绍宜用that,而不宜用which的情况.
①先行词为不定代词,all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone等,
1.Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.
2.There'snothingthatcanbesaidaboutit.
3.Doyoumeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday
②先行词被only,any,few,little,no,just,very,oneof等词修饰时。
1.Theonlythingthatwecoulddowastowait.
2.That'stheverywordthatiswronglyused.
Thelastplace(that)wevisitedwasthechemicalworks.
Youcantakeany(=whichever)seatthatisfree.
IhopethelittlethatIcanwillbeofsomehelptothem.
比较Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthatwerepublishedlastyear.
Thisistheonlyoneofthebestnovelsthatwaspublishedlastyear.
③先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。
1.WhenwetalkaboutWuxi,thefirstthatcomesintomindisTaiLake.
2.Thisisthethirdfilmthathasbeenshowninourschoolthisterm.
④先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。
1.Thisisthebestthatcanbedonenow.
2.Themostimportantthingthatshouldbedonerightnowishowtostophimfromgoingon.
⑤先行词既有人又有物,用which和who都不适合,这时宜用that.如:
1.Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutisreallywellknown.
2.Theriderandhisbikethathadrunoveranoldwomanwereheldupbythepolice.
⑥被修饰词为数词时.
1.YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinofwater.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.
⑦如果有两个从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个关系代词宜用that,以避免语言的单调或重复。
Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.
⑧疑问词是who或which,关系代词宜用that,以避免重复。
1.Whichisthebookthatyoulikebest
2.Whoisthemanthatisstandingatthegate
⑨主句是Therebe结构,修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that作关系代词.如:
1.Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.
⑩被修饰成分为表语时,或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时,该关系代词宜用that.
1.That'sagoodbookthatwillhelpyoualot.
2.Myhomevillageisnolongertheplace(that
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