页眉页脚.docx
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页眉页脚.docx
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页眉页脚
I.Introduction
Traditionalfestivalsaretheformationofthehistoryandcultureofacountry'slong-termprecipitation.Theculturalconnotationsreflectedbythecelebrationsandobservationsofdifferentfestivalsindifferentnationsareprofoundandunique.Notonlyaretheoriginsofthefestivalscloselylinkedwithpeople'slives.Also,theyembodythepeople’srichemotionalworldandtheirvaluesinmarriageandlove.Thereissuchafamoussaying:
"Everynationeachfestival,itreflectstherealsideofthenationalculture.”Themostimportantdaysaresetasfestivalstocelebrate.Duringthesedays,somethingspecialtopeople’sexistence,developmenthappenstothepeople.Whenthefestivalscome,peoplewillcelebratethemwithdifferentwaysandactivities.Thefestivalcustomsarelearnedfromgenerationtogeneration,soeveryonehasspecialfeelingstothosefestivals.
Amongofthem,HalloweeninthewestandZhongYuanFestivalinChinaarebothveryimportanttraditionalfestivals.Althoughbotharewell-knownastheFestivalsoftheGhosts,theyhavemanydifferentfeaturesoftheirown.
Attemptingtodigoutthedifferentculturalconnotationsbehindthedifferences,thisthesisisgoingtoconductcomparisonandcontraststudiesofthetwofestivalsfromtheaspectsofhistory,religionandthecelebrationritessoastomakeabetterunderstandingofthedifferencesbetweenthe“GhostCulture”inthewestandinChina.
Thetextconsistsoffiveparts.Inthefirstpart,itintroducestheoverviewofthethesis.Inthesecondpart,itbriefstheexistingliteraturesoastogiveitsreadersabetterunderstandingoforiginsandreasonsforthedifferencesintheoriginsoftheHalloweenandHungryGhostFestival,usingthemethodofcomparativeanalysis.Inthethirdpart,itmakesasurveyandstudyaccordingtohowpeoplecelebrateHalloweenandHungryGhostFestivalindifferentwaysinallagestoconductacomprehensiveinvestigation.Inthefourthpart,thethesisanalyzesthecausesofthedifferencesbetweenChineseandwesternGhostCulture,whichleadtothedifferentcustomsandhabitsbetweenHalloweenandHungryGhostFestivalandtheirdifferentimpactsuponthedailylifeofthepeople.Inthefifthpart,itmakesaconclusionforthethesis,whichfocusesontwoghostfestivalsdifferencesbythecomparisonswithChinaandWesterncultures.
II.DifferencebetweenHalloweenandHungryGhostFestival
Festivalsarepreciousculturalheritageofdifferentcountries.ThatisalsothereasonwhyfestivalsinChinaandwesterncountrieshavealittleincommon.Asamatterofface,Chineseandwesternfestivalsserveasanintriguingwindowintotheirculturaldifferences.Theirdifferentoriginsandpeople’sdifferentwaystocelebratethefestivalsbothreflecttheirculturalcontrasts.
WhenChinesepeoplefirstlearnedaboutHalloween,theywereshocked.HalloweenismuchliketheChineseHungryGhostFestival. WealwayssayChineseandwesternaredifferent,theythinkindifferentways. However,theyhavethesamefears. Ghostsarealwaysagoodtopicindifferentcultures.Inthispart,wecanresearchrespectivelydifferencebetweenHalloweenandHungryGhostFestivalabouttheirorigin,thewaystocelebrationsandculturalconnotation.
2.1DifferencesintheOrigin
2.1.1TheOriginofHalloween
Halloweenisoneoftheoldestholidayswithoriginsgoingbackthousandsofyears.TheholidayweknowasHalloweenhashadmanyinfluencesfrommanyculturesoverthecenturies.FromtheRoman’sPomonaDay,totheCelticfestivalofSamhain,totheChristianholidaysofAllSaintsandAllSoulsDay.
Halloween(orHallowe'en)isanannualholidayobservedonOctober31.
HistorianNicholasRogers,exploringtheoriginsofHalloween,notesthatwhile"somefolkloristshavedetecteditsoriginsintheRomanfeastofPomona,thegoddessoffruitsandseeds,orinthefestivalofthedeadcalledParentalia,itismoretypicallylinkedtotheCelticfestivalofSamhain,whoseoriginalspellingwasSamhain(pronouncedsow-anorsow-in)".ThenameisderivedfromOldIrishandmeansroughly"summer'send".Snap-AppleNight(1832)byDanielMalice.DepictsapplebobbinganddivinationgamesataHalloweenpartyinBlarney,Ireland.Thename'Halloween'andmanyofitspresent-daytraditionsderivefromtheOldEnglishera.
ThewordHalloweenisfirstattestedinthe16thcenturyandrepresentsaScottishvariantofthefullerAll-Hallows-Even("evening"),thatis,thenightbeforeAllHallowsDay.AlthoughthephraseAllHallowsisfoundinOldEnglish,All-Hallows-Evenisitselfnotattesteduntil1556.
HundredsofyearsagoinwhatarenowGreatBritainandNorthernFrance,livedtheCelts.TheCeltsworshippednatureandhadmanygods,withthesungodastheirfavorite.Itwas“he”whocommandedtheirworkandtheirresttimes,andwhomadetheearthbeautifulandthecropsgrow.
Onestorysaysthat,ontheday,thedisembodiedspiritsofallthosewhohaddiedthroughouttheprecedingyearwouldcomebackinsearchoflivingbodiestopossessforthenextyear.Itwasbelievedtobetheironlyhopefortheafterlife.TheCeltsbelievedalllawsofspaceandtimeweresuspendedduringthistime,allowingthespiritworldtointerminglewiththeliving.
Naturally,thestill-livingdidnotwanttobepossessed.SoonthenightofOctober31,villagerswouldextinguishthefiresintheirhomes,tomakethemcoldandundesirable.Theywouldthendressupinallmannerofghoulishcostumesandnoisilyparadedaroundtheneighborhood,beingasdestructiveaspossibleinordertofrightenawayspiritslookingforbodiestopossess.
2.1.2TheoriginoftheHungryGhostFestival
JustasHalloweenisforAmericans,the“HungryGhostFestival”isforChinese.GhostFestivalisoneofChinesetraditionaloccasions,whichistakenveryseriouslybytheChinese.Thisfestivalusuallyfallsonthe15thdayofthe7thmonthofthelunarcalendar.TheGhostFestival,someplacessaytheHungryGhostFestival,isalsocalledHalfJuly(Lunar),Ullambana,whichiscloselyrelatedtoBuddhism,andZhongYuanFestivalwhichistheTaoismsayingandFolkBelief.
BothBuddhistsandTaoistsclaimthattheGhostFestivaloriginatedfromtheirreligionbutitsrootsareprobablyinChinesefolkreligionandantedatebothreligions.IntheTangDynasty,theBuddhistfestivalUllambanaandtheGhostFestivalweremixedandcelebratedtogether.
ToBuddhists,theseventhlunarmonthisamonthofjoy.ThisisbecausethefifteenthdayoftheseventhmonthisoftenknownastheBuddha’sjoyfuldayandthedayofrejoiceformonks.TheoriginsoftheBuddha’sjoyfuldaycanbefoundinvariousscriptures.WhentheBuddhawasalive,hisdisciplesmeditatedintheforestsofIndiaduringtherainyreasonofsummer.Threemonthslater,onthefifteendayoftheseventhmonth,theywouldemergefromtheforeststocelebratethecompletionoftheirmeditationandreporttheirprogresstotheBuddha.IntheUllambanaSutra,theBuddhainstructshisdiscipleMaudgalyayanaonhowtoobtainliberationforhismother,whohadbeenrebornintoalowerrealm,bymakingfoodofferingstothesanghaonthefifteenthdayoftheseventhmonth.Becausethenumberofmonkswhoattainedenlightenmentduringthatperiodwashigh,theBuddhawasverypleased.
TheBuddhistoriginsofthefestivalcanbetracedbacktoastorythatoriginallycamefromIndia,butlatertookonculturallyChineseovertones.IntheUllambannaSutra,thereisadescriptiveaccountofaBuddhistmonknamedMaudgalyayana,originallyaBrahminyouthwholaterordained,andlaterbecomingoneoftheBuddha’schiefdisciples.Maudgalyayanawasalsoknownforhavingclairvoyantpower,anuncommontraitamongmonks.
Afterheattainedarhatship,hebegantomissdeeplyofhisparents,andwonderedwhathappenedtothem.However,hismotherhadbeenreborninalowerrealm,knownastheRealmofHungryGhosts.Maudgalyayanaeasedhismother’ssufferingbyreceivingtheinstructionsoffeedingpretasfromtheBuddha.MaudgalyayanathensoughttheBuddha’sadvicetohelphismothergainahumanbirth.TheBuddhaestablishedadayafterthetraditionalsummerretreat(the14thdayoftheseventhmonthinthelunarcalendar,usuallymid-to–lateAugust)onwhichMaudgalyayanawastoofferfoodandrobestofivehundredbhikkhus.Fromthenon,theBuddhistfestivalUllambanabecameatimethatpeopleshowtheirfilialpietytoparentsaswellastheirancestors.
2.2Differentwaystocelebrate
2.2.1Halloweencelebrations
ThecustomofHalloweenwasbroughttoAmericainthe1840’byIrishimmigrantsfleeingtheircountry’spotatofamine.Atthattime,thefavoritepranksinNewEnglishincludedtippingoverouthousesandunhinginghencegates.
TheHalloweenwecelebratetodayincludesalloftheseinfluences.PomonaDay’sapples,nuts,andharvest,theFestivalofSanhain’sblackcats,magic,evilspiritsanddeath,andtheghosts,skeletonsandskullsfromAllSaintsDayandAllSoul’sDay.
Thecustomoftrick-or-treatingisthoughttohaveoriginatednotwiththeIrishCelts,butwithaninth-centuryEuropeancustomcalledsouling.OnNovember2,AllSoul’sDay,earlyChristianswouldwalkfromvillagebeggingfor“soulcakes”madeoutofsquarepiecesofbreadwithcurrants.Themoresoulcakesthebeggarswouldreceive,themoreprayerstheywouldpromisetosayonbehalfofthedeadrelativesofthedonors.Atthetime,itwasbelievedthatthedeadremainedinlimboforatimeafterdeath,andthatprayer,evenbystrangers,couldexpediteasoul’spassagetoheaven.
TheJake-o-lanterncustomprobablycomesfromIrishfolklore.Asthetaleistold,amannamedJack,whowasnotoriou
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