Modal Verb Tutorial.docx
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Modal Verb Tutorial.docx
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ModalVerbTutorial
ModalVerbTutorial
WhatareModalVerbs?
Modalverbsarespecialverbswhichbehaveverydifferentlyfromnormalverbs.Herearesomeimportantdifferences:
1.Modalverbsdonottake"-s"inthethirdperson.
EXAMPLES:
Hecan speakChinese.
Sheshould behereby9:
00.
2.Youuse"not"tomakemodalverbsnegative,eveninSimplePresentandSimplePast.
EXAMPLES:
Heshouldnotbelate.
Theymightnotcometotheparty.
3.Manymodalverbscannotbeusedinthepasttensesorthefuturetenses.
EXAMPLES:
Hewillcangowithus. NOTCORRECT
Shemustedstudyveryhard. NOTCORRECT
CommonModalVerbs
Can
Could
May
Might
Must
Oughtto
Shall
Should
Will
Would
IMPORTANT:
Forthepurposesofthistutorial,wehaveincludedsomeexpressionswhicharenotmodalverbsincludinghadbetter,havetoandhavegotto.Theseexpressionsarecloselyrelatedtomodalsinmeaningandareofteninterchangedwiththem.
Can
ModalUse
1.Present
2.Past
3.Future
NegativeForms
Youcanalsouse:
can
generalability
1.IcanspeakChinese
2.SHIFTSTO"COULD"
IcouldspeakChinesewhenIwasakid.
3.SHIFTSTO"BEABLETO"
IwillbeabletospeakChinesebythetimeIfinishmycourse.
1.Ican'tspeakSwahili.
2.SHIFTSTO"COULD"
Icouldn'tspeakSwahili.
3.SHIFTSTO"BEABLETO"
Iwon'tbeabletospeakSwahili.
tobeable
can
abilityduringaspecificevent
1.Withaburstofadrenaline,peoplecanpickupcars.
2.SHIFTSTO"BEABLETO"
Withasuddenburstofadrenaline,hewasabletoliftthecaroffthechild'sleg.
3.SHIFTSTO"BEABLETO"
Withasuddenburstofadrenaline,hewillbeabletoliftthecar.
1.Peoplecan'tpickupcars.
2.SHIFTSTO"BEABLETO"
Eventheweightlifter,couldn'tliftthecaroffthechild'sleg.
3.SHIFTSTO"BEABLETO"
Eventhreemenworkingtogetherwon'tbeabletoliftthecar.
tobeable
can
opportunity
1.Ihavesomefreetime.Icanhelphernow.
2.SHIFTSTO"BEABLETO"
Ihadsomefreetimeyesterday.Iwasabletohelpheratthattime.
3.I'llhavesomefreetimetomorrow.Icanhelpherthen.
1.Idon'thaveanytime.Ican'thelpher now.
2.SHIFTSTO"BEABLETO"
Ididn'thavetimeyesterday.Iwasn'tabletohelpheratthattime.
3.Iwon'thaveanytimelater.Ican'thelpherthen.
tobeable
can
permission
1.IcandriveSusan'scarwhensheisoutoftown.
2.SHIFTSTO"BEALLOWED"
IwasallowedtodriveSusan'scarwhileshewasoutoftownlastweek.
3.IcandriveSusan'scarwhilesheisoutoftownnextweek.
1.Ican'tdriveSusan'scarwhensheisoutoftown.
2.SHIFTSTO"BEALLOWED"
Iwasn'tallowedtodriveSusan'scarwhileshewasoutoftownlastweek.
3.Ican'tdriveSusan'scarwhilesheisoutoftownnextweek.
may
can
request
CanIhaveaglassofwater?
Canyougivemealifttoschool?
(Requestsusuallyrefertothenearfuture.)
Can'tIhaveaglassofwater?
Can'tyougivemealifttoschool?
(Requestsusuallyrefertothenearfuture.)
could
may
can
possibility/impossibility
Anyonecanbecomerichandfamousiftheyknowtherightpeople.
Learningalanguagecanbearealchallenge.
(Thisuseisusuallyageneralizationoransupposition.)
Itcan'tcostmorethanadollarortwo.
Youcan'tbe45!
Ithoughtyouwereabout18yearsold.
(Thisuseisusuallyageneralizationoransupposition.)
could
Could
ModalUse
1.Present
2.Past
3.Future
NegativeForms
Youcanalsouse:
could
possibility
1.Johncouldbetheonewhostolethemoney.
2.Johncouldhavebeentheonewhostolethemoney.
3.Johncouldbechargedwiththecrimewhenthepolicefinishtheinvestigation.
1.Marycouldn'tbetheonewhostolethemoney.
2.Marycouldn'thavebeentheonewhostolethemoney.
3.Marycouldn'tpossiblybechargedwiththecrimeafterthepoliceexaminetheevidence.
might,
may
could
conditional
(can,could)
1.IfIhadmoretime,Icouldtravelaroundtheworld.
2.IfIhadhadmoretime,Icouldhavetraveledaroundtheworld.
3.IfIhadmoretimethiswinter,Icouldtravelaroundtheworld.
1.EvenifIhadmoretime,Icouldn'ttravelaroundtheworld.
2.EvenifIhadhadmoretime,Icouldn'thavetraveledaroundtheworld.
3.EvenifIhadmoretimethiswinter,Icouldtravelaroundtheworld.
could
suggestion
1.NOPRESENTFORM
2.YoucouldhavespentyourvacationinHawaii.
3.YoucouldspendyourvacationinHawaii.
NONEGATIVEFORMS
could
pastability
Icouldruntenmilesinmytwenties.
IcouldspeakChinesewhenIwasakid.
Icouldn'trunmorethanamileinmytwenties.
Icouldn'tspeakSwahili.
beableto
could
politerequest
CouldIhavesomethingtodrink?
Couldborrowyourstapler?
(Requestsusuallyrefertothenearfuture.)
Couldn'thecomewithus?
Couldn'tyouhelpmewiththisforjustasecond?
(Requestsusuallyrefertothenearfuture.)
can,
may,
might
HadBetter
ModalUse
1.Present
2.Past
3.Future
NegativeForms
Youcanalsouse:
hadbetter
recommendation
1.SHIFTTO"SHOULD"OR"OUGHTTO"
Peopleshouldunplugtoastersbeforetheycleanthem.
2.SHIFTTO"SHOULD"OR"OUGHTTO"
Youshouldhaveunpluggedthetoasterbeforeyoutriedtocleanit.
3.Youhadbetterunplugthetoasterbeforeyoutrytocleanit.
1.SHIFTTO"SHOULD"OR"OUGHTTO"
Peopleshouldn'tcleantoasterswithoutunpluggingthemfirst.
2.SHIFTTO"SHOULD"OR"OUGHTTO"
Youshouldn'thavecleanedthetoasterwithoutunpluggingitfirst.
3.Youhadbetternotcleanthetoasteruntilyouunplugit.
should,
oughtto
hadbetter
desperatehope/
warning
Themoviehadbetterendsoon.
Theyhadbetterbeherebeforewestartdinner.
(Desperatehopesandwarningsusuallyrefertothenearfuture.)
Theyhadbetternotbelate.
TheyhadbetternotforgetTom'sbirthdaygift.
(Desperatehopesandwarningsusuallyrefertothenearfuture.)
"Hadbetter"isoftensimplypronouncedas"better"inspokenEnglish.
Haveto
ModalUse
1.Present
2.Past
3.Future
NegativeForms
Youcan
alsouse:
haveto
certainty
1.ThathastobeJerry.Theysaidhewastallwithbrightredhair.
2.Thathastohavebeentherightrestaurant.Therearenootherrestaurantsonthisstreet.
3.NONE
1.SHIFTSTO"MUST"
ThatmustnothavebeenJerrywesaw.Hewassupposedtohaveredhair.
2.SHIFTSTO"MUST"
Thatmustnothavebeentherightrestaurant.Iguessthereisanotheronearoundheresomewhere.
3.NONE
must,
havegotto
haveto
necessity
1.Shehastoreadfourbooksforthisliteratureclass.
2.Shehadtofinishthefirstbookbeforethemidterm.
3.Shewillhavetofinishtheotherbooksbeforethefinalexam.
1.Shedoesn'thavetoread"GrapesofWrath."It'soptionalreadingforextracredit.
2.Shedidn'thavetowriteacritiqueof"TheScarletLetter."Shehadtogiveapresentationtoherclass.
3.Shewon'thavetotakeanyotherliteratureclasses.AmericanLiterature101istheonlyrequiredcourse.
must
don'thaveto
choice/
noobligation
1.Idon'thavetotakeanytests.Thecourseisjustforfun.
2.Ididn'thavetotakethetest.Theteacherletmedoareportinstead.
3.Iwon'thavetotakethetest.It'sgoingtobeforextracreditandIdon'tneedthepoints.
REMEMBER:
"Donothaveto"vs."Mustnot"
"Donothaveto"suggeststhatsomeoneisnotrequiredtodosomething."Mustnot"suggeststhatyouareprohibitedfromdoingsomething.
HaveGotto
ModalUse
1.Present
2.Past
3.Future
NegativeForms
Youcan
alsouse:
havegotto
necessity
1.Peoplehavegottobeontimeiftheywanttogetaseatinthecrowdedtheater.
2.SHIFTTO"HAVETO"
Youhadtobeontimeifyouwantedtogetaseatinthecrowdedtheater.
3.Youhavegottobethereontimetonightifyouwanttogetaseatinthecrowdedtheater.
1.SHIFTTO"DON'THAVETO"
Peopledon'thavetobethereontimetogetaseat.
2.SHIFTTO"DON'THAVETO"
Youdidn'thavetobethereontimetogetaseat.
3.SHIFTTO"DON'THAVETO"
Youwon'thavetobethereontimetogetaseat.
haveto,
must
haven'tgotto
futureobligation
Haven'tyougottobethereby7:
00?
Haven'tyougottofinishthatprojecttoday?
("Haven'tgotto"isprimarilyusedtoaskaboutfutureobligations.Itcanbeusedinstatements,butthisislesscommon.)
Don'tyou,haveto
May
ModalUse
1.Present
2.Past
3.Future
NegativeForms
Youcan
alsouse:
may
possibility
1.Jackmaybeupset.Ican'treallytellifheisannoyedortired.
2.Jackmayhavebeenupset.Icouldn'treallytellifhewasannoyedortired.
3.Jackmaygetupsetifyoudon'ttellhimthetruth.
1.Jackmaynotbeupset.Perhapsheistired.
2.Jackmaynothavebeenupset.Perhapshewastired.
3.Jackmaynotgetupset,evenifyoutellhimthetruth
might
may
permission
1.Youmayleavethetablenowthatyou'refinishedwithyourdinner.
2.SHIFTTO"BEALLOWEDTO"
Youwereallowedtoleavethetableafteryoufinishedyourdinner.
3.Youmayleavethetablewhenyoufinishyourdinner.
1.Youmaynotleavethetable.You'renotfinishedwithyourdinneryet.
2.SHIFTTO"BEALLOWEDTO"
Youwerenotallowedtoleavethetablebecauseyouhadn'tfinishedyourdinner.
3.Youmaynotleavethetableuntilyouarefinishedwithyourdinner.
can
may
requests
MayIborrowyoureraser.
MayImakeaphonecall.
(Requestsusuallyrefertothenearfuture.)
NONEGATIVEFORM
can,
might
Might
ModalUse
1.Present
2.Past
3.Future
NegativeForms
Youcana
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