土木工程专业英语原文及翻译.docx
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土木工程专业英语原文及翻译.docx
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土木工程专业英语原文及翻译
NewlycompiledonNovember23,2020
土木工程专业英语原文及翻译
成绩
徐州工程学院
08级土木
(1)班课程考试试卷
考试科目专业英语
考试时间
学生姓名
所在院系土木学院
任课教师
徐州工程学院印制
StabilityofSlopes
Introduction
Translationalslipstendtooccurwheretheadjacentstratumisatarelativelyshallowdepthbelowthesurfaceoftheslope:
thefailuresurfacetendstobeplaneandroughlyparalleltotheslipsusuallyoccurwheretheadjacentstratumisatgreaterdepth,thefailuresurfaceconsistingofcurvedandplanesections.
Inpractice,limitingequilibriummethodsareusedintheanalysisofslopestability.Itisconsideredthatfailureisonthepointofoccurringalonganassumedoraknownfailuresurface.Theshearstrengthrequiredtomaintainaconditionoflimitingequilibriumiscomparedwiththeavailableshearstrengthofthesoil,givingtheaveragefactorofsafetyalongthefailuresurface.Theproblemisconsideredintwodimensions,conditionsofplanestrainbeingassumed.Ithasbeenshownthatatwo-dimensionalanalysisgivesaconservativeresultforafailureonathree-dimensional(dish-shaped)surface.
AnalysisfortheCaseofφu=0
Thisanalysis,intermsoftotalstress,coversthecaseofafullysaturatedclayunderundrainedconditions,.Fortheconditionimmediatelyafterconstruction.Onlymomentequilibriumisconsideredintheanalysis.Insection,thepotentialfailuresurfaceisassumedtobeacirculararc.Atrialfailuresurface(centreO,radiusrandlengthLa
whereFisthefactorofsafetywithrespecttoshearstrength.EquatingmomentsaboutO:
Therefore
Themomentsofanyadditionalforcesmustbetakenintoaccount.Intheeventofatensioncrackdeveloping,asshownin,thearclengthLaisshortenedandahydrostaticforcewillactnormaltothecrackifthecrackfillswithwater.Itisnecessarytoanalyzetheslopeforanumberoftrialfailuresurfacesinorderthattheminimumfactorofsafetycanbedetermined.
Basedontheprincipleofgeometricsimilarity,Taylor[]publishedstabilitycoefficientsfortheanalysisofhomogeneousslopesintermsoftotalstress.ForaslopeofheightHthestabilitycoefficient(Ns)forthefailuresurfacealongwhichthefactorofsafetyisaminimumis
Forthecaseofφu=0,valuesofNssdependsontheslopeangleβandthedepthfactorD,whereDHisthedepthtoafirmstratum.
GibsonandMorgenstern[]publishedstabilitycoefficientsforslopesinnormallyconsolidatedclaysinwhichtheundrainedstrengthcu(φu=0)varieslinearlywithdepth.
Example
A45°slopeisexcavatedtoadepthof8minadeeplayerofsaturatedclayofunitweight19kN/m3:
therelevantshearstrengthparametersarecu=65kN/m2andφu
Inthecross-sectionalareaABCDis70m2.
Weightofsoilmass=70×19=1330kN/m
ThecentroidofABCDismfromO.TheangleAOCis°andradiusOCism.ThearclengthABCiscalculatedas.Thefactorofsafetyisgivenby:
Thisisthefactorofsafetyforthetrialfailuresurfaceselectedandisnotnecessarilytheminimumfactorofsafety.
TheminimumfactorofsafetycanbeestimatedbyusingEquation.
From,β=45°andassumingthatDislarge,thevalueofNs
9.3TheMethodofSlices
αandtheheight,measuredonthecentre-1ine,ish.Thefactorofsafetyisdefinedastheratiooftheavailableshearstrength(τf)totheshearstrength(τm)whichmustbemobilizedtomaintainaconditionoflimitingequilibrium,.
Thefactorofsafetyistakentobethesameforeachslice,implyingthattheremustbemutualsupportbetweenslices,.forcesmustactbetweentheslices.
Theforces(perunitdimensionnormaltothesection)actingonasliceare:
totalweightoftheslice,W=γbh(γsatwhereappropriate).
totalnormalforceonthebase,N(equaltoσl).Ingeneralthis
forcehastwocomponents,theeffectivenormalforceN'(equaltoσ'l)andtheboundarywaterforceU(equaltoul),whereuistheporewaterpressureatthecentreofthebaseandlisthelengthofthebase.
shearforceonthebase,T=τml.
totalnormalforcesonthesides,E1andE2.
shearforcesonthesides,X1andX2.
Anyexternalforcesmustalsobeincludedintheanalysis.
TheproblemisstaticallyindeterminateandinordertoobtainasolutionassumptionsmustbemaderegardingtheintersliceforcesEandX:
theresultingsolutionforfactorofsafetyisnotexact.
ConsideringmomentsaboutO,thesumofthemomentsoftheshearforcesTonthefailurearcACmustequalthemomentoftheweightofthesoilmassABCD.ForanyslicetheleverarmofWisrsinα,
therefore
∑Tr=∑Wrsinα
Now,
Forananalysisintermsofeffectivestress,
Or
whereLaisthearclengthAC.EquationisexactbutapproximationsareintroducedindeterminingtheforcesN'.ForagivenfailurearcthevalueofFwilldependonthewayinwhichtheforcesN'areestimated.
TheFelleniusSolution
Inthissolutionitisassumedthatforeachslicetheresultantoftheintersliceforcesiszero.Thesolutioninvolvesresolvingtheforcesoneachslicenormaltothebase,.
N'=WCOSα-ul
Hencethefactorofsafetyintermsofeffectivestress(Equationisgivenby
ThecomponentsWCOSαandWsinαcanbedeterminedgraphicallyforeachslice.Alternatively,thevalueofαcanbemeasuredorcalculated.Again,aseriesoftrialfailuresurfacesmustbechoseninordertoobtaintheminimumfactorofsafety.Thissolutionunderestimatesthefactorofsafety:
theerror,comparedwithmoreaccuratemethodsofanalysis,isusuallywithintherange5-2%.
ForananalysisintermsoftotalstresstheparametersCuandφuareusedandthevalueofuinEquationiszero.Ifφu=0,thefactorofsafetyisgivenby
AsN’doesnotappearinEquationanexactvalueofFisobtained.
TheBishopSimplifiedSolution
Inthissolutionitisassumedthattheresultantforcesonthesidesofthe
slicesarehorizontal,.
Xl-X2=0
Forequilibriumtheshearforceonthebaseofanysliceis
Resolvingforcesintheverticaldirection:
Itisconvenienttosubstitute
l=bsecα
FromEquation,aftersomerearrangement,
Theporewaterpressurecanberelatedtothetotal‘fillpressure’atany
pointbymeansofthedimensionlessporepressureratio,definedas
(γsatwhereappropriate).Foranyslice,
HenceEquationcanbewritten:
AsthefactorofsafetyoccursonbothsidesofEquation,aprocessofsuccessiveapproximationmustbeusedtoobtainasolutionbutconvergenceisrapid.
Duetotherepetitivenatureofthecalculationsandtheneedtoselectanadequatenumberoftrialfailuresurfaces,themethodofslicesisparticularlysuitableforsolutionbycomputer.Morecomplexslopegeometryanddifferentsoilstratacanbeintroduced.
Inmostproblemsthevalueoftheporepressureratioruisnotconstantoverthewholefailuresurfacebut,unlessthereareisolatedregionsofhighporepressure,anaveragevalue(weightedonanareabasis)isnormallyusedindesign.Again,thefactorofsafetydeterminedbythismethodisanunderestimatebuttheerrorisunlikelytoexceed7%andinmostcasesislessthan2%.
Spencer[]proposedamethodofanalysisinwhichtheresultantIntersliceforcesareparallelandinwhichbothforceandmomentequilibriumaresatisfied.SpencershowedthattheaccuracyoftheBishopsimplifiedmethod,inwhichonlymomentequilibriumissatisfied,isduetotheinsensitivityofthemomentequationtotheslopeoftheintersliceforces.
Dimensionlessstabilitycoefficientsforhomogeneousslopes,basedonEquation,havebeenpublishedbyBishopandMorgenstern[].Itcanbeshownthatforagivenslopeangleandgivensoilpropertiesthefactorofsafetyvarieslinearlywithγuandcanthusbeexpressedas
F=m-nγu
where,mandnarethestabilitycoefficients.Thecoefficients,mandnare
functionsofβ,φ’,thedimensionlessnumberc'/γandthedepthfactorD.
Example
UsingtheFelleniusmethodofslices,determinethefactorofsafety,intermsofeffectivestress,oftheslopeshowninforthegivenfailuresurface.Theunitweightofthesoil,bothaboveandbelowthewatertable,is20kN/m3andtherelevantshearstrengthparametersarec’=10kN/m2andφ’=29°.
W)ofeachsliceisgivenby
W=γbh=20××h=30hkN/m
Theheighthforeachsliceissetoffbelowthecentreofthebaseandthe
normalandtangentialcomponentshcosαandhsinα
Wcosα=30hcosα
Wsinα=30hsinα
Theporewaterpressureatthecentreofthebaseofeachsliceistakentobeγwzw,wherezwistheverticaldistanceofthecentrepointbelowthewatertable(asshowninfigure).Thisprocedureslightlyoverestimatestheporewaterpressurewhichstrictlyshouldbe)γwze,wherezeistheverticaldistancebelowthepointofintersectionofthewatertableandtheequipotentialthroughthecentreoftheslicebase.Theerrorinvolvedisonthesafeside.
Thearclength(La)iscalculatedasmm.Theresultsaregivenin
Table
∑Wcosα=30×=525kN/m
∑Wsinα=30×=254kN/m
∑(wcosα-ul)=525—132=393kN/m
AnalysisofaPlaneTranslationalSlip
Itisassumedthatthepotentialfailuresurfaceisparalleltothesurfaceoftheslopeandisatadepththatissmallcomparedwiththelengthoftheslope.Theslopecanthenbeconsideredasbeingofinfinitelength,withendeffectsbeingignored.Theslopeisinclinedatangleβmz(0 Intermsofeffectivestress,theshearstrengthofthesoilalongthefailureplaneis andthefactorofsafetyis Theexpressionsforσ,τandμare: Thefollowingspecialcasesareofinterest.Ifc’=0andm=0.thesoil betweenthesurfaceandthefailureplaneisnotf
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