国际经济学题库英文版.docx
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国际经济学题库英文版.docx
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国际经济学题库英文版
PartⅠ.Fillintheblankwithsuitablecontent.
1.Seventhemesrecurthroughoutthestudyofinternationaleconomics.Thesearethegainsfromtrade,thepatternoftrade,protectionismthebalanceofpayments,exchangeratedetermination,internationalpolicycoordination,internationalcapitalmarket.
2.Countriesengageininternationaltradefortwobasicreasons:
comparativeadvantage
andeconomicsofscale.
3.Acountryhasacomparativeadvantageinproducingagoodiftheopportunitycost
ofproducingthatgoodintermsofothergoodsislowerinthatcountrythanitisinothercountries.
4.Laboristheonlyonefactorofproduction.
、
and
、
aretheunitlaborrequirementincheeseandwineatHomeandForeign,respectively.IfaLC/aLW / istherelativepriceofcheese,whenaLC/aLW 5.Laboristheonlyonefactorofproduction. 、 and 、 aretheunitlaborrequirementincheeseandwineatHomeandForeign,respectively.LandL*areHome’sandForeign’slaborforce.If / < / < / theworldrelativesupplyofcheeseequals(L/aLC)/(L*/aLW*).Home’sgainsfromindirectlyproducingwinecanbeshownas(1/aLC)(Pc/Pw)-1/aLW 6.Inspecificfactorsmodel(QM=QM(K,LM);QF=QF(T,LF);L=LM+LF),ifHomeproducesandtradesmanufacturedgoodsforfood,theoverallcomparisonofthefivechangerateofgoodspriceandfactorprice 、 、 、 、 insideHomeis .Thatis,therealincomeofcapitalistsincrease,itcanbeshownas . 7.Therearetwomainreasonswhyinternationaltradehasstrongeffectsonthedistributionofincome.First,resourcescan’tmoveimmediatelyorcostlesslyformoneindustrytoanother SecondIndustriesdifferinthefactorsofproductiontheydemand. 8.IntheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel,Comparativeadvantageisinfluencedbytheinteractionbetween relativeabundanceandrelativeintensity 9.Accordingtostolper-sammelsoneffectiftherelativepriceofagoodrises,therealincomeofthefactorwhichintensivelyusedinthatgoodwillrise,whiletherealincomeoftheotherfactorwillfall. 10.Accordingto罗布津斯基效应Rybczynskieffect,atunchangedrelativegoodsprice,ifthesupplyofafactorofproductionincreases,theoutputofthegoodthatareintensiveinthatfactorwillrise,whiletheoutputoftheothergoodwillfall. 11.AccordingtoH-O模型H-Oproposition,ownersofacountry’sabundantfactorsgainfromtrade,butownersofacountry’sscarefactorslose. 12.Accordingto要素价格均等化命题Factorpriceequalizationproposition,internationaltradeproducesaconvergence(收敛)ofrelativegoodsprices.Thisconvergence,inturns,causestheconvergenceoftherelativefactorprices.Tradeleadstocompleteequalizationoffactorprices.(完整的要素价格均等化) 13.Threeassumptions(假设)crucialtothepredictionoffactorpriceequalizationareinrealityuntrue.Theseassumptionsare (1)两个国家都生产两种产品bothcountriesproducebothgoods (2)两国技术相同technologiesarethesame(3)存在贸易壁垒: 天然壁垒和人为壁垒Therearebarrierstotrade: naturalbarriersandartificialbarriers. 14.“U.S.exportswerelesscapital-intensivethanU.S.imports”isknownas里昂惕夫悖论Leontiefparadox. 15.TheRicardianModel,theSpecificFactormodelandtheH-Omodelmaybeviewedasspecialcases(特殊情况)of标准贸易模型standardtrademodels 16.Thestandardtrademodelderives(派生推导)aworldrelativesupplycurve(曲线)fromproductionpossibilitiesandaworldrelativedemandcurvefrompreferences. 17.Toexport-biasedgrowth,ifthedecline(下降)ofthewelfarecausedbythedeterioration(恶化)ofthetermsoftradeswapover(交换)theriseofthewelfarecausedbygrowth,thegrowthisimmiserizinggrowth(贫困化增长). 18.Someeconomistsarguedthatexport-biasedgrowthbypoornationswouldworsentheirtermoftradesomuchthattheywouldbeworseoffthaniftheyhadnotgrownatall.Thissituationisknownasimmiserizinggrowth(贫困化增长). 19.Immiserizinggrowthdemandsstrictconditions,theseconditionsareeconomicgrowthisstronglyexport-biased,thegrowingcountryislargeenoughtoaffecttheworldprice,RSandRDmustbeverysteep. 20.Accordingto“梅茨勒悖论Metzleparadox”,tariffsandexportsubsidies(补贴)mighthaveperverse(有害的)effectsoninternalprice. 21.Inthemodelof“Monopolistic(垄断)CompetitionandTrade”,firmsofanindividualnationfacethetrade-offbetweeneconomiesofscaleandvarietyofproducts. 22.Marshallarguedthattherewerethreemainreasonswhyaclusteroffirms(企业集群)maybemoreefficientthananindividualfirminisolation: specializedsupplies,labormarketpooling,knowledgespillovers(知识溢出) 23.Thepatternofintraindustry(产业内)tradeitselfisunpredicted,historyandaccidentdeterminethedetailsofthetradepattern. 39.Whenthereisexternaleconomies(外部经济),thepatternofinternationaltradeisdeterminedbyeconomicsofscaleinteractwithcomparativeadvantage. 24.Theindexes(指标)ofintrainindustrytradeofaindustrycanbecalculatedbythestandardformula: 25.Interindustrytradeandintrainindustry(产业内)tradearethesourcesofgainsfromtrade.Whencountriesaresimilarintheirrelativefactorsupplies、scaleeconomiesandproductdifferentiationsareimportant,intrainindustrytradeisthedominantsource(主要来源)ofgainsfromtrade,everyonegainsfromtrade. 26.Theargumentoftemporary(暂时的)protectionofindustriestoenablethemtogainexperienceisknownas幼稚产业论theinfantindustryargument 27.Ifweaddtogetherthegainsandlossesfromatariff,Wefindtheneteffectonnationalwelfarecanbeseparatedintotwoparts: termsoftradegainandefficiencyloss 28.Whydocountriesadopttradepoliciessuchastarifforimportquota,whichproducemorecoststhanbenefits? ——tradepolitics 29.Inthepoliticaleconomyoftradepolicy(贸易政策的政治经济学),governmentareassumedto(被假定为)maximize政治成功politicalsuccessratherthan国家福利nationalwelfare. 30.Deviationsfromfreetradecansometimesincreasenationalwelfare.Theseargumentsincludethetermoftradeargumentforatariffandthedomesticmarketfailureargument 31.Accordingto“Specificrule(对症规则)”,domesticmarketfailureshouldbecorrectedbydomesticpoliciesaimeddirectlyattheproblem’ssources. 32.Althoughmarketfailuresareprobablycommon,thedomesticmarketfailureargumentagainstfreetradeshouldnotbeappliedtoofreely.Firstdomesticmarketfailureshouldbecorrectedbydomesticpoliciesaimeddirectlyattheproblems’sources;Secondeconomistscannotdiagnosemarketfailurewellenoughtoprescribepolicy. 33.Internationaltradeoftenproduceslosersaswellaswinners.Intheactualpoliticsoftradepolicy,incomedistributionisofcrucialimportance.集体行动问题Theproblemofcollectiveactioncanexplainwhypoliciesthatnotonlyseemtoproducemorecoststhanbenefitsbutthatalsoseemtohurtfarmorevotersthemtheycanhelpcannonethelessbeadopted. 34.TheWTOincludesfouraspectscontent: GATT1994,GATS,TRIPS,TRIMS 35.“Nondiscriminatory”principles(非歧视性原则)includemostfavorednationprincipleandnationaltreatmentprinciple 36.Forpreferential(优惠)tradingagreements,suchascustomsunion,countriesmustcedepartoftheirsovereigntytosupranationalentity(必须放弃部分主权的超国家实体) 37.Whetheracustomsunion(关税同盟)isdesirable(可取)orundesirabledependsonwhetheritlargelyleadstotradecreationortradediversion. 38.Tradepolicyindevelopingcountriesisconcernedwithtwoobjectives(涉及两个目标): promotingindustrializationandCopingwiththeproblemofthedualeconomy. 39.Tradepolicyindevelopingcountriesisconcernedwithtwoobjectives: promoting industrializationandcopingwiththeproblemsofthedualeconomy.Correspondingly,therearetwomainargumentsfordevelopingcountriestopursuepolicyofimport-substitutingindustrialization.Thetwoargumentsaretheinfantindustryargumenttandmarketfailurejustificationforinfantindustryprotection. 40.Sophisticatedproponentsoftheinfantindustryargumenthaveidentifiedtwomarketfailuresasreasonswhyinfantindustryprotectionmaybeagoodidea: TheimperfectcapitalmarketsjustificationandTheappropriabilityargument. PartⅡ.TrueorFalse(trueandfalsearedenotedby“T”and“F”,respectively) 1.IfaLW*/aLC* 2.AccordingtotheRicardianmodel,itispreciselybecausetherelativewageisbetweentherelativeproductivitiesthateachcountryendsupwithacostadvantageinonegood.Thegoodforwhich / > / willbeproducedinForeign.(F) 3.Itispreciselybecausetherelativewageisbetweentherelativeproductivitiesthateachcountryendsupwithacostadvantageinonegood.(T) 4.Long-runconvergence(长期收敛)inproductivity(生产力)produceslong-runconvergenceinwages.(T) 5.“Koreanworkersearnonly$2.50anhour;ifweallowKoreatoexportasmuchasitlikestotheUnitedStates,ourworkerswillbeforceddowntothesamelevel.Youcan’timporta$5shirtwithoutimportingthe$2.50wagethatgoeswithit.”(F) 6.Thepropositionthattradeisbeneficialisunqualified(不合格).Thatis,thereisnorequirementthatacountrybe“competitive”orthatthetradebe“fair”.(T) 7.Freetradeisbeneficialonlyifyourcountryisstrongenoughtostanduptoforeigncompetition.(F) 8.Foreigncompetitionisunfairandhurtsothercountrieswhenitisbasedonlowwages.(F) 9.Tradeexploitsacountryandmakeitworseoffifitsworkersreceivemuchlowerwagethanworkersinothernations.(F) 10.TheRicardianModelpredictsanextremedegree(预测一个极端的程度)ofspecialization(专业化).(T) 11.TheRicardianModelneglects(忽略)theeffectsonincomedistribution.(T) 12.ThebasicpredictionoftheRicardianmodelhasbeenstronglyconfirmedbyanumberofstudiesoveryears.(T) 13.TheRicardianModelpredictsthatcountriestendtoexportthosegoodsinwhichtheirproductivityisrelativehigh.(T) 14.Wecanthinkoffactorspecificityasamatteroftime.(T) 15.Theopportunitycostofmanufactureintermsoffoodisdenotedby(表示)MPLM/MPLF.(F) 16.Aequalproportionalchangeinpricehavenorealeffectsontherealwage,realincomeofcapitalownerandlandowner.(T) 17.Tradebenefitsthefactorthatisspecifictotheimport-competingsectorsofeachcountrybuthurtsthefactortotheexportsectors,withambiguouseffectsonmobilefactors.(F) 18.Itispossibleinprincipleforacountry’sgovernmenttousetaxesandsubsidies(补贴)toredistribute(重新分配)incometogiveeachindividualmoreofbothgoods.(T) 19.Althoughinternationaltradehasstrongeffectsonincomedistribution,therearestillpossibleinprincipletomakeeachindividualbetteroff.(T) 20.Typically,thosewhogainfromtradeinanyparticularproductareamuchmoreconcentrated,informed,andorganizedgroupthanthosewholose.(F) 21.Conflictsofinterest(利益冲突)withinnationsareusuallymoreimportantindeterminingtradepolicythanconflictsofinterestbetweennations.(T) 22.Generally,economistsdonotregardtheincomedistributioneffectsoftradeasagoodreasontolimittrade.(T) 23.Theformulationoftradepolicy(贸易政策的制定)isakindofpoliticalprocess(政治进程).(T) 24.“Theworld’spoorestcountriescan’tfindanythingtoexport.Thereisnoresourcethatisabundant—certainlynotcapitalorland,andinsmallpoornationsnotevenlaborisabu
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