科学美国人ScientificAmericans60s.docx
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科学美国人ScientificAmericans60s.docx
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科学美国人ScientificAmericans60s
SCIENTIFICAMERICAN60-SECONDSCIENCE6
60-SECONDEARTH
PLAYOctober1,2009
OddsFavorDrunkTraumaVictims
AstudyinthejournalAmericanSurgeonfindsthattraumavictimswhowereinebriatedatthetimeoftheirinjuryhavehighersurvivalratesthantheirsobercounterparts.RachelKremenreports
[Thefollowingisanexacttranscriptofthispodcast.]
Beingdrunkmightmakeyoumoreaccidentprone,butitalsoincreasesyourchanceofsurvival.ResearchpublishedinthejournalAmericanSurgeonrevealsthattraumapatientsaremorelikelytosurviveiftheywereintoxicatedatthetimeoftheirinjury.
Aretrospectivestudyofnearly8,000traumapatientsfoundthatsevenpercentofpeoplewhocameinsoberdiedoftheirinjuries,whilethosewhowerehurtwhiledrunkonlydiedonepercentofthetime.Apositivebloodalcohollevelseemedtoincreasethelikelihoodofsurvival,evenaftertheresearcherstookintoaccounttheageofthepatientandtheseverityoftheinjury.Traumapatientswhocameintothehospitaldrunkweredischargedsooner,too.Exactlyhowalcoholprotectstheinjuredisstillnotclear.Butapaststudyonanimalsdidfindthatethanolprotectedagainstnervedamage.Thenewworkhintsthatalcoholmighthaveaplaceintreatingtraumaticinjuries,althoughmoreresearchisneeded.Inthemeantime,avoidingtraumainthefirstplaceisstillthestrategyonemightcallmostsober.
—RachelKremen
PLAYOctober2,2009
IgNobelPrizesAwarded
OntheeveoftheNobelPrizeannouncements,theIgNobelPrizeswereawardedatHarvard,forstudiesintoknuckle-crackingandothervitalmedicalandscientificresearch.KarenHopkinretorts
[Thefollowingisanexacttranscriptofthispodcast.]
WhenthereareNobelprizesthereareIgNobelprizes,whichwerehandedoutatHarvardonOctober1st.Theawardshonorresearchthat“makespeoplelaughandthenmakesthemthink.”
Amongthisyear’swinners:
Thephysicsprizewenttoastudyofwhypregnantwomendon’ttipover.Usually.Thechemistryprizewasawardedtoscientistswhoturnedtequilaintodiamonds.ProofthatallthatglittersisnotCuervogold.Theveterinarymedicineprizewasgivenforfindingthatcowsthathavenamesmakemoremilkthanthosewhoremainanonymous.Anotherstudythat’sudderlyoriginal.Themedicineprizewenttoaphysicianwho,forfiftyyears,crackedtheknucklesononlyhislefthandtotesthismother’scontentionthatknuckle-crackingcausesarthritis.Hisconclusion:
momwaswrong,althoughhisstudywasself-controlledandnotblinded.Finally,thepeaceprizewenttoSwissresearchersfordetermining,throughexperiment,whetherit’sbettertogetcrackedovertheheadwithafullbottleofbeeroranemptyone.Both,theyfound,arecapableoffracturingaskull.Whichshoulddefinitelymakeyouthinkduringyournextbarroombrawl,andthat’snolaughingmatter.
—KarenHopkin
PLAYOctober4,2009
TruthIsThatParentsLietoKids
AstudyintheJournalofMoralEducationfindsthatparentslietochildrenregularly,toinfluencebehavior
[Thefollowingisanexacttranscriptofthispodcast.]
WhenIwaspregnant,afriendgavemeabookcalledGreatLiestoTellSmallKids.Initaregemslike“winemakesmommycharming”and“mendon’tgobaldnaturally,theylikegettingtheirhaircutthatway.”Now,ifyou’refilledwithhorroratthenotionofpullingatoddler’sleglikethat,anewstudyintheJournalofMoralEducationshowsthatparentsregularlyusedeceptiontoinfluencetheirkids.
Wecanallrecallliesourparentstoldustogetustodosomething,ortostopdoingsomething.“Ifyoucrossyoureyestheycouldstaythatway”comestomind.Butinthecurrentstudy,researchersfoundthattheseparentalfibsarehardlyfewandfarbetween.Andthatevenparentswhopreachtotheirkidsabouttheimportanceofbeinghonestadmittolyingtothemaswell.
Theresearchersplantoextendtheirstudiestoseewhetherallthislyingundermineschildren’strust.Untilthen,well,keeptellingjuniorthatifhespinsaroundreallyfast,thenstops,hisfacewillskidaroundtothebackofhishead.Itcouldkeephimbusywhilemommybecomesevenmorecharming.
—KarenHopkin
PLAYOctober5,2009
NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine
The2009NobelPrizeinphysiologyormedicinegoestoHarvard'sJackSzostak,JohnsHopkins'sCarolGreiderandElizabethBlackburnatU.C.SanFrancisco,fortheirworkontelomeresandtelomerase.SteveMirskyreports
[Thefollowingisanexacttranscriptofthispodcast.]
The2009NobelPrizeinphysiologyormedicinegoestoHarvard’sJackSzostak,JohnsHopkins’sCarolGreiderandElizabethBlackburnatU.C.SanFranciscofortheirworkonhowchromosomesareprotectedbytelomeresandtheenzymetelomerase.
TheNobellaureates’researchhelpedexplainhowanorganism’sDNAissuccessfullycopiedwhencellsdivide.Telomeresaregeneticsequencesthatactlikelittleprotectivecapsattheendofchromosomes—thinkofthesealedtipsofyourshoelaces.Telomeraseistheenzymethatbuildstelomeres.
BlackburnandSzostakdeterminedthatitwasaspecificDNAsequenceinthetelomeresthatkeptchromosomesfromfrayingwhenevertheywerecopiedwhenacellsplitsintwo.BlackburnandGreiderdiscoveredtelomerase.Thefindingshaveimplicationsfortheunderstandingofagingandcancer.Becauseiftheenzymekeepsthetelomeresrobust,thechromosomesstayprotectedandthecell’sagingisslowed.Andincancercells,whichunfortunatelydonotseemtoage,telomerelengthismaintainedvirtuallyindefinitely.Szostak,GreiderandBlackburnthusrevealedoneoflife’sbasicmechanisms,andpavedthewayfornewmedicalstrategies.
—SteveMirsky
PLAYOctober6,2009
NobelPrizeinPhysics
The2009NobelPrizeinphysicsgoestoCharlesKaoofStandardCommunicationsLabsinEnglandandtheChineseUniversityofHongKongfortheinventionofpracticalopticalfibercommunication,andGeorgeSmithandWillardBoyleofBellLabsinNewJersey,forinventingthecharge-coupleddevice,theCCD,makingdigitalcameraspossible.SteveMirskyreports
[Thefollowingisanexacttranscriptofthispodcast.]
TheNobelPrizeinphysicsgoestoCharlesKao,ofStandardCommunicationsLabsinEnglandandtheChineseUniversityofHongKong,andGeorgeSmithandWillardBoyleofBellLabsinNewJersey.Kaofiguredouthowtotransmitlightoverlongdistancesinopticalglassfibers.Fromtheofficialannouncement:
“Today,morethanabillionkilometersofopticalfiberaroundtheworldformsthebackboneofmodernglobalcommunication.”
In1969,SmithandBoylemadeyourdigitalcamerapossiblebyinventingthecharge-coupleddevice,theCCD:
“Thisdeviceallowselectronicrecordingofimagesanditreplacesthephotographicfilmincameras.TheCCDrecordstheimageasadistributionofchargeinsmallcellsorpixels,anditoutputstheimageasaseriesofdigitalnumbers.TheCCDisacrucialcomponentofadvancedcameras,anditfindsnumerousapplicationsinscientificandmedicalequipment.Forexample,itgivesusthespectacularimagesoftheuniversethatwecanseetoday.”
—SteveMirsky
PLAYOctober7,2009
NobelPrizeinChemistry
The2009NobelPrizeinChemistrygoestoVenkatramanRamakrishnan,ThomasSteitzandAdaYonathforstudiesoftheprotein-manufacturingribosome,withimplicationsforantibioticdevelopment.SteveMirskyreports
[Thefollowingisanexacttranscriptofthispodcast.]
The2009NobelPrizeinChemistrygoestoVenkatramanRamakrishnanoftheMRCLaboratoryofMolecularBiologyinEngland,YaleUniversity’sThomasSteitz,andAdaYonathoftheWeizmannInstituteofScienceinIsraelfortheirstudiesoftheribosome.GunnarvonHeijneoftheRoyalSwedishAcademyofSciencesattheofficialannouncement:
“Thethreelaureateshaveaccomplishedwhatmanyscientiststhoughtimpossible,namelytodeterminethethree-dimensionalstructureofthemolecularmachinethatmakesalltheproteinsinacell,theso-calledribosome.Usingx-raycrystallographytoobtainsnapshotsoftheribosomeinaction,theyhavebeenabletoexplainhowtheribosomeselectsandcouplestogetheraminoacidstoformproteins.Theyhavealsoshownhowbacterialribosomescanbestoppeddeadintheirtracksbyvariousantibiotics,therebyprovidinginsightsthathelpresearchersdesignnewdrugstobeusedinournever-endingfightagainstbacterialinfections.”
—SteveMirsky
PLAYOctober8,2009
PillMayChangeAttraction
InastudyinthejournalTrendsinEcologyandEvolution,researchersnotethatthebirthcontrolpillmaychangeawoman'schoiceinwhomshefindsattractive.CynthiaGraberreports
[Thefollowingisanexacttranscriptofthispodcast.]
Somepeopleliketothinkthere’ssomethingfatedaboutwhowefallinlovewith.It’sthatperfectmixofattraction,compatibility,andofcoursetiming.Butinsomecases,fatemaybetakingitscuesfrombirthcontrolpills.
First,let’sgooverawoman’scycleandhowthataffectsattraction.Whenwomenareovulating,theirfeatureschangeinwaysthatmenunconsciouslypickup.Somenareparticularlyattractedtowomenwhenthey’refertile.Anditworkstheotherway,too.Whenawomanisfertile,she’smoreattractedtomenwithmoretraditionallymasculinefeaturesandwhoaregeneticallydissimilartoher,ormorecompatibleintermsofprocreating.
Ofcourseoralcontraceptionchangesawoman’shormonalcycles.Herbodythinksit’spregnantanddoesn’tgothroughovulation-inducedchanges.AndinastudypublishedthismonthinthejournalTrendsinEcologyandEvolution,researcherssaythatwomenonthepilldonotshowtheovulation-inducedattractiontogeneticallydissimilar
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