国际法复习.docx
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国际法复习.docx
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国际法复习
国际法的定义
Internationallawiscommonlyusedtodescribethewholesystemofrulesthatregulate(调节)therelationshipbetween/amongstates,internationalorganizations,andotherinternationallegalpersons.
1.国际法特点(与国内法相比)
A.Subjects作用对象(legalpersons)法人.
Undermunicipallaw(市民法),thelegalpersonsaremainlynaturalpersons,partnerships(合伙)andcorporations;underinternationallaw,thelegalpersonsaremainlystatesandinternationalorganizations.
这里要点是调整对象(主体)
国内法:
自然人、法人、合伙组织
国际法:
国家、国际组织
B.Law-makingprocess.
Undermunicipallaw,thereexistlaw-makingbodies,thecommononeofwhichisParliament(议会);underinternationallaw,therelacksuchlaw-makingbodies,theinternationallawrulesarecreatedbyinternationallegalpersonsthroughnegotiation(谈判)(intheformoftreaty)orstatepractice(intheformofcustom).
这里的要点是法律制定程序
国内法:
存在立法机构。
例如:
议会
国际法:
无。
通过磋商(国际条约)和国家习惯
C.Lawenforcement(实施).
Undermunicipallaw,thereexistsystematicandorganizedlawenforcementforcessuchasarmy,police,judicialorgan(法庭),etc.
Underinternationallaw,therelackinternationalpoliceandarmy.ThoughtheredoesexistInternationalCourtofJustice,itshouldbenoticedthatthisinternationaljudicialorgancannotexercisejurisdiction(审判权)overinternationalcaseswithouttheconsent【合意】ofcontesting【争议的】parties.
这里的要点是法律强制执行力
国内法:
有系统、有组织。
例如军队、警察和司法机关
国际法:
不存在军队和警察系统,但司法机关存在,但司法权的行使必须征得争议国家的共同同意【musthavetheconsentofcontesting】
2.国际法和国内法的关系
A.Theories
Therearetwomaintheoriesinthisregard.Monismv.Dualism
国际法和国内法关系的两种理论:
一元论和二元论
1.Mainideasofmonism:
一元论
Itviewstheinternationallawsystemandmunicipallawsystemascomponents(组成)ofasinglelegalsystem.Whentheinternationallawconflictswithmunicipallaw,somemonistsclaimthattheinternationallawshallprevailover(胜过)themunicipallaw,butothermoniststhinkthatthemunicipallawshallhavesupremacy(霸权)overtheinternationallaw.
一旦冲突,国内法优先或者国际法优先
2.Mainideasofdualism:
二元论
Dualistsbelievethatinternationallawandmunicipallawareindependentwitheachother.Municipallawisdesignedtodealwithdomestic(国内的)issuesandtokeepdomesticorder,andonthecontrary,internationallawismadetocopewith(处理)internationallegalissuesandtomaintaininternationalorder.Internationallawcannotdirectlybeappliedindomesticsociety,conversely(相反的)domesticlawcannotimposeitselfoninternationallegalsystem.【法律之间的适用不能转化,只能在各自调整领域范围内发生作用】
B.Practices
1.US
USpresidentwiththeSenate(参议院)exercisesthepowerofenteringintotreaty.
USConstitution(宪法)providesthatUSConstitution,USlawandtreatiesmadeundertheAuthority(权力)oftheUSshallbethesupreme(最高的)lawofthelandofUS.
USFederalSupremeCourtcanexerciserightofinterpretationofUSConstitution.
inUS,self-executing(自行生效的)treatyversus(相对)non-self-executingtreaty.Foranon-self-executingtreatytobeappliedindomesticsetting,itneedstogothroughaprocedure(程序)calledincorporation(合并)ortransformation.(转化)
inUS,customaryinternationallawisviewedascommonlawandcanbeapplieddirectlybycourts.
2.UK:
UKdoesnotpermittreatytotakeeffectindomesticsocietywithoutthelegislative(立法的)enactment.(制定)
UKdeniestheexistenceofself-executingtreaty.
Customaryinternationallawisviewedascommonlawandcanbeapplieddirectlybycourts.
3.Germany:
Legallyratified(批准的)oracceptedtreatyhaseffectoverGermanlawandcancreaterightsandobligations(义务)forGermans.(Article25ofBasicLaw,1949)
Germanydeems(认为)thecustomaryinternationallawasinherent(固有的)partofGermanlegalsystem.
4.China:
Therearenoprovisions(规定)inConstitutionregardingtherelationshipbetweentheinternationallawandChinesedomesticlaw.
SomeimportantdomesticlawsofChinaprovidethattreatiesenteredoracceptedbyChinahavetheprevailing(一般的)poweroverdomesticlawofChina.ButtherecanbefoundsomeconflictionsbetweenthisprovisionandtheprovisionsinLegislative(立法机构购)ActofChina.Inaddition,noalldomesticlawscontainthiskindofprovision,sowecannottelltheuniformrelationshipbetweentreatyanddomesticlawinChina.
AccordingtoprovisionsofsomelawsofChina,customaryinternationallawcanonlybeappliedwhentreatiesenteredoracceptedbyChinaandthedomesticlawsofChinabothfailedtoproviderelevantrules.【国际条约在我国直接适用的唯一条件,同时满足为国家所接受且国内没相关法律规定】Seenfromthejudicialperspective(公正的观点),customaryinternationallawcanbedirectlyidentifiedandappliedbycourtsofChina.
Stateandstatehood国家与独立国家之权利
Criteria(标准)ofState【全都要背】
1.PermanentPopulation固定居民
2.DefinedTerritory确定领土
3.Government(withactualcontrolovertheterritory)政权组织(实际控制领土)
4.Capacityto(能力)EnterintoRelationswithotherStates主权(以国家为主体参与国际事务之能力)
TheFiveBasicPrinciplesofPeacefulCo-existence
和平共存五项基本原则
1.Principleofmutual(相互的)respectofsovereignty(主权)andintegrity(完整)ofterritory
互相尊重主权和领土完整
2.Principleofmutualnon-aggression
互不侵略
3.Principleofnon-interventionindomesticaffairs
不干涉他国内政
4.Principleofequalityandmutualbenefit
平等互利
5.Principleofpeacefulco-existence
和平共存
法律适用问题
Courtshallapply三种法律渊源
a.internationalconventions【国际公约】[38
(1)(a)]establishingrulesexpresslyrecognizedbythecontestingstates.【注意,这里使用的国际公约必须是争议国家都认可的国际公约】
(theestablishment(确立)ofinternationalconventions)binding(有约束力的)treatiesbetween/amongstates通过缔结双边(between)或者多边(among)协议
b.internationalcustom【国际惯例或者习惯】:
[38
(1)(b)]asevidenceofageneralpracticeacceptedaslaw.
-twoelements:
两个要素
—senseoflegalobligation负有法律义务
—theactualpracticeindicatingwillingnesstobebound存在实际行为表明愿意适用之意图
c.generalprinciplesoflawrecognizedbycivilized(文明的)nations:
[38
(1)(c)]【普遍接受的法律原则】
Treaty条约协议
NatureofTreaties条约的概念
1.Essential(本质的)features(bycustom&convention)
a.intentionofpartiestocreatebindingobligations
b.agreementtobegovernedbyinternationallaw
2.Adistinctionissometimesdrawnbetweenlaw-makingtreaties【立法条约(公约)】andtreaty-contracts【契约性条约(公约)】;somewhatproblematicbutworthbeingawareof.【主要是对这两种公约的区分】
a.Law-makingtreatiescodify,(编纂)defineorinterpretinternationallaw【国际法的创制、定义、解释】
b.Treaty-contractsdonotcreategeneralrulesofinternationallaw,onlycreateobligationsbetweenparties【契约性条约只在双方设定义务】
3.Bindingforceoftreaties【】:
Pactasuntservanda(agreementsshallbeobserved).
4.Generallybasedonreciprocalobligation【双方互负义务,即双方立约之合意】;butunilateral【单方的】declarationofintentmaycreateinternationalobligationsunderunusualcircumstances(情况)
a.Mustbeintentionofthestatetobebound(受约束)
b.Notethatsomestateshaveindicatedthatunilateraldeclarationsofpolicyorintentionshouldnotnormallybeconstrued(解释)asgivingriseto(使发生)internationalobligations.
【ab两种特殊情况,单方意思表示也可以订立条约】
条约的保留(Reservations)
Definedasaunilateralstatement【单方行为】,howeverphrased(表达)ornamed,madebyaState,【由国家实施】whensigning,ratifying(批准),accepting,approving,oraccedingto(加入)atreaty,wherebyitpurports(声称)toexcludeortomodify【去除或者修改】thelegaleffectofcertainprovisionsofthetreatyintheirapplicationtothatState.【条约保留指向的对象是具体适用于本国的条约某部分的法律效力】”
1.NOTspecialstipulations【具体条文】withinatreaty;butdeclarationwhichisexternalto(不相关的)textofatreaty.NOTPARTOFTHETREATY
2.Themeaningof“modify”isslightlyunclear(不明确);reallyalwaysusedinthesenseofrestricting(限制)orlimitingobligationsunderatreaty【对modify(修改)的解释与使用】
C.Legaleffectofreservations:
【有时间看,挺重要的】
1.Modifiesforthereservingpartyinitsrelationswiththatotherpartytheprovisionsofthetreatytowhichthereservationrelatestotheextentofthereservation
2.ModifiesthoseprovisionstothesameextentforthatotherpartyinitsrelationswiththereservingState.
3.Doesnotmodifyrelationsbetweenotherparties
4.Whenastateobjectingtoareservationhasnotopposedentryintoforceofthetreatyasbetweenitselfandthereservingstate,provisionstowhichthereservationrelatesdonotapplyasbetweenthetwostatestotheextentofthereservation.
D.Bearinmindproceduralrequirements;mostimportantisthatreservationsmustbemadeinwritingandcommunicatedtothecontractingstates.【书面协议】
E.Alsokeepinminddistinctionbetweenreservationsand“interpretativedeclarations”(definedas“aunilateralstatement,howeverphrasedornamed,madebyaState…wherebythatStatepurportstospecifyorclarifythemeaningorscopeattributedbythedeclaranttoatreatyortocertainofitsprovisions.”).【区分保留和解释申明的区别】
国家承认理论【全都要背】
4.2.3THEORIESOFRECOGNITION
A.Twotheoriesoftheeffectsofrecognition
1.Constitutive【构成说】:
recognitioncreatespersonality【承认创制人格】
a.Statesbecomesubjectsbywillofinternationalcommunity【国家的人格的确立需为国际社会认可】
b.Unrecognizedstateisinakindoflegallimbo.【未经认可只是合法过渡状态】
2.Declaratory【宣告说】:
recognitionisaformality(形式)thatacknowledgesalready-existingpersonalityofthestate【承认只是对已有国家人格的一种程序】
a.Statehoodexistspriortorecognition【国家人格建立先于承认】
b.Rightsanddutiesexistpriortorecognition【权利与义务的产生先于承认】
国家豁免理论【全部要背】
Scopeofimmunity(豁免权)【范围】--immunityattachesto:
1.government
2.governmentorgans(lookingatfunctionsandcontrolofanentity(实体)
3.leaderofgovernment,ministers,officialsandagentsofthestateinrelationtotheirofficialacts
4.publiccorporationsindependentlycreatedbutoperatingineffectasgovernmentorgans(官报)
5.stateownedproperty(性质).
Absolute【绝对豁免】versusrestrictive【限制豁免】immunity
1.Absoluteimmunity:
anyandallactsofthesovereign【有关主权的任何行为】enjoyimmunityfromthejurisdictionofcourtsofanotherState.
2.Growthincommercialactivitybystates【国家商业活动】ledtothedoct
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