经济学原理曼昆课后问题详解chapter7.docx
- 文档编号:6902058
- 上传时间:2023-01-12
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:10
- 大小:209.11KB
经济学原理曼昆课后问题详解chapter7.docx
《经济学原理曼昆课后问题详解chapter7.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《经济学原理曼昆课后问题详解chapter7.docx(10页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
经济学原理曼昆课后问题详解chapter7
ProblemsandApplications
1.IfanearlyfreezeinCaliforniasoursthelemoncrop,thesupplycurveforlemonsshiftstotheleft,asshowninFigure7-5.TheresultisariseinthepriceoflemonsandadeclineinconsumersurplusfromA+B+CtojustA.SoconsumersurplusdeclinesbytheamountB+C.
Figure7-5
Inthemarketforlemonade,thehighercostoflemonsreducesthesupplyoflemonade,asshowninFigure7-6.TheresultisariseinthepriceoflemonadeandadeclineinconsumersurplusfromD+E+FtojustD,alossofE+F.Notethataneventthataffectsconsumersurplusinonemarketoftenhaseffectsonconsumersurplusinothermarkets.
Figure7-6
2.AriseinthedemandforFrenchbreadleadstoanincreaseinproducersurplusinthemarketforFrenchbread,asshowninFigure7-7.Theshiftofthedemandcurveleadstoanincreasedprice,whichincreasesproducersurplusfromareaAtoareaA+B+C.
Figure7-7
TheincreasedquantityofFrenchbreadbeingsoldincreasesthedemandforflour,asshowninFigure7-8.Asaresult,thepriceofflourrises,increasingproducersurplusfromareaDtoD+E+F.Notethataneventthataffectsproducersurplusinonemarketleadstoeffectsonproducersurplusinrelatedmarkets.
Figure7-8
3.a.Bert’sdemandscheduleis:
Price
QuantityDemanded
Morethan$7
0
$5to$7
1
$3to$5
2
$1to$3
3
$1orless
4
Bert’sdemandcurveisshowninFigure7-9.
Figure7-9
b.Whenthepriceofabottleofwateris$4,Bertbuystwobottlesofwater.HisconsumersurplusisshownasareaAinthefigure.Hevalueshisfirstbottleofwaterat$7,butpaysonly$4forit,sohasconsumersurplusof$3.Hevalueshissecondbottleofwaterat$5,butpaysonly$4forit,sohasconsumersurplusof$1.ThusBert’stotalconsumersurplusis$3+$1=$4,whichistheareaofAinthefigure.
c.Whenthepriceofabottleofwaterfallsfrom$4to$2,Bertbuysthreebottlesofwater,anincreaseofone.HisconsumersurplusconsistsofbothareasAandBinthefigure,anincreaseintheamountofareaB.Hegetsconsumersurplusof$5fromthefirstbottle($7valueminus$2price),$3fromthesecondbottle($5valueminus$2price),and$1fromthethirdbottle($3valueminus$2price),foratotalconsumersurplusof$9.Thusconsumersurplusrisesby$5(whichisthesizeofareaB)whenthepriceofabottleofwaterfallsfrom$4to$2.
4.a.Ernie’ssupplyscheduleforwateris:
Price
QuantitySupplied
Morethan$7
4
$5to$7
3
$3to$5
2
$1to$3
1
Lessthan$1
0
Ernie’ssupplycurveisshowninFigure7-10.
Figure7-10
b.Whenthepriceofabottleofwateris$4,Erniesellstwobottlesofwater.HisproducersurplusisshownasareaAinthefigure.Hereceives$4forhisfirstbottleofwater,butitcostsonly$1toproduce,soErniehasproducersurplusof$3.Healsoreceives$4forhissecondbottleofwater,whichcosts$3toproduce,sohehasproducersurplusof$1.ThusErnie’stotalproducersurplusis$3+$1=$4,whichistheareaofAinthefigure.
c.Whenthepriceofabottleofwaterrisesfrom$4to$6,Erniesellsthreebottlesofwater,anincreaseofone.HisproducersurplusconsistsofbothareasAandBinthefigure,anincreasebytheamountofareaB.Hegetsproducersurplusof$5fromthefirstbottle($6priceminus$1cost),$3fromthesecondbottle($6priceminus$3cost),and$1fromthethirdbottle($6priceminus$5price),foratotalproducersurplusof$9.Thusproducersurplusrisesby$5(whichisthesizeofareaB)whenthepriceofabottleofwaterrisesfrom$4to$6.
5.a.FromErnie’ssupplyscheduleandBert’sdemandschedule,thequantitydemandedandsuppliedare:
Price
QuantitySupplied
QuantityDemanded
$2
1
3
4
2
2
6
3
1
Onlyapriceof$4bringssupplyanddemandintoequilibrium,withanequilibriumquantityof2.
b.Atapriceof$4,consumersurplusis$4andproducersurplusis$4,asshowninproblems3and4.Totalsurplusis$4+$4=$8.
c.IfErnieproducedonefewerbottle,hisproducersurpluswoulddeclineto$3,asshowninproblem4.IfBertconsumedonefewerbottle,hisconsumersurpluswoulddeclineto$3,asshowninproblem3.Sototalsurpluswoulddeclineto$3+$3=$6.
d.IfErnieproducedoneadditionalbottleofwater,hiscostwouldbe$5,butthepriceisonly$4,sohisproducersurpluswoulddeclineby$1.IfBertconsumedoneadditionalbottleofwater,hisvaluewouldbe$3,butthepriceis$4,sohisconsumersurpluswoulddeclineby$1.Sototalsurplusdeclinesby$1+$1=$2.
6.a.Theeffectoffallingproductioncostsinthemarketforstereosresultsinashifttotherightinthesupplycurve,asshowninFigure7-11.Asaresult,theequilibriumpriceofstereosdeclinesandtheequilibriumquantityincreases.
b.ThedeclineinthepriceofstereosincreasesconsumersurplusfromareaAtoA+B+C+D,anincreaseintheamountB+C+D.Priortotheshiftinsupply,producersurpluswasareasB+E(theareaabovethesupplycurveandbelowtheprice).Aftertheshiftinsupply,producersurplusisareasE+F+G.SoproducersurpluschangesbytheamountF+G-B,whichmaybepositiveornegative.Theincreaseinquantityincreasesproducersurplus,whilethedeclineinthepricereducesproducersurplus.SinceconsumersurplusrisesbyB+C+DandproducersurplusrisesbyF+G-B,totalsurplusrisesbyC+D+F+G.
c.Ifthesupplyofstereosisveryelastic,thentheshiftofthesupplycurvebenefitsconsumersmost.Totakethemostdramaticcase,supposethesupplycurvewerehorizontal,asshowninFigure7-12.Thenthereisnoproducersurplusatall.Consumerscaptureallthebenefitsoffallingproductioncosts,withconsumersurplusrisingfromareaAtoareaA+B.
Figure7-11
Figure7-12
7.Figure7-13showssupplyanddemandcurvesforhaircuts.Supplyequalsdemandataquantityofthreehaircutsandapricebetween$4and$5.FirmsA,C,andDshouldcutthehairofSallyJessy,Jerry,andMontel.Oprah’swillingnesstopayistoolowandfirmB’scostsaretoohigh,sotheydonotparticipate.Themaximumtotalsurplusistheareabetweenthedemandandsupplycurves,whichtotals$11($8valueminus$2costforthefirsthaircut,plus$7valueminus$3costforthesecond,plus$5valueminus$4costforthethird).
Figure7-13
8.a.Theeffectoffallingproductioncostsinthemarketforcomputersresultsinashifttotherightinthesupplycurve,asshowninFigure7-14.Asaresult,theequilibriumpriceofcomputersdeclinesandtheequilibriumquantityincreases.ThedeclineinthepriceofcomputersincreasesconsumersurplusfromareaAtoA+B+C+D,anincreaseintheamountB+C+D.
Figure7-14
Priortotheshiftinsupply,producersurpluswasareasB+E(theareaabovethesupplycurveandbelowtheprice).Aftertheshiftinsupply,producersurplusisareasE+F+G.SoproducersurpluschangesbytheamountF+G-B,whichmaybepositiveornegative.Theincreaseinquantityincreasesproducersurplus,whilethedeclineinthepricereducesproducersurplus.SinceconsumersurplusrisesbyB+C+DandproducersurplusrisesbyF+G-B,totalsurplusrisesbyC+D+F+G.
Figure7-15
b.Sinceaddingmachinesaresubstitutesforcomputers,thedeclineinthepriceofcomputersmeansthatpeoplesubstitutecomputersforaddingmachines,shiftingthedemandforaddingmachinestotheleft,asshowninFigure7-15.Theresultisadeclineinboththeequilibriumpriceandequilibriumquantityofaddingmachines.Consumersurplusintheadding-machinemarketchangesfromareaA+BtoA+C,anetgainofC-B.ProducersurpluschangesfromareaC+D+EtoareaE,anetlossofC+D.Addingmachineproducersaresadabouttechnologicaladvanceincomputersbecausetheirproducersurplusdeclines.
c.Sincesoftwareandcomputersarecomplements,thedeclineinthepriceandincreaseinthequantityofcomputersmeansthatpeople’sdemandforsoftwareincreases,shiftingthedemandforsoftwaretotheright,asshowninFigure7-16.Theresultisanincreaseinboththepriceandquantityofsoftware.ConsumersurplusinthesoftwaremarketchangesfromB+CtoA+B,anetincreaseofA-C.ProducersurpluschangesfromEtoC+D+E,anincreaseofC+D,sosoftwareproducersshouldbehappyaboutthetechnologicalprogressincomputers.
d.Yes,thisanalysishelpsexplainwhyBillGatesisonetheworld’srichestmen,sincehiscompanyproducesalotofsoftwarethat’sacomplementwithcomputersandtherehasbeentremendoustechnologicaladvanceincomputers.
Figure7-16
9.a.Figure7-17illustratesthedemandformedicalcare.Ifeachprocedurehasapriceof$100,quantitydemandedwillbeQ1procedures.
Figure7-17
b.Ifconsumerspayonly$20perprocedure,thequantitydemandedwillbeQ2procedures.Sincethecosttosocietyis$100,thenumberofproceduresperformedistoolargetomaximizetotalsurplus.ThequantitythatmaximizestotalsurplusisQ1procedures,whichislessthanQ2.
c.Theuseofmedicalcareisexcessiveinthesensethatconsumersgetprocedureswhosevalueislessthanthecostofproducingthem.Asaresult,theeconomy’stotalsurplusisreduced.
d.Topreventthisexcessiveuse,theconsumermustbearthemarginalcostoftheprocedure.Butthiswouldrequireeliminatinginsurance.Anotherpossibilitywouldbethattheinsurancecompany,whichpaysmostofthemarginalcostoftheprocedure($80,inthiscase)coulddecidewhethertheprocedureshouldbeperformed.Buttheinsurancecompanydoesn’tgetthebenefitsoftheprocedure,soitsdecisionsmaynotreflectthevalu
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 经济学原理 课后 问题 详解 chapter7
![提示](https://static.bdocx.com/images/bang_tan.gif)