考研英语二真题及答案.docx
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考研英语二真题及答案.docx
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考研英语二真题及答案
2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题
SectionI UseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblackandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers,ablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas 1 acrosstheWeb.
Canprivacybepreserved 2 bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly 3 ?
Lastmonth,HowardSchmidt,thenation’scyber-czar,offeredthefederalgovernmenta 4 tomaketheWebasaferplace-a“voluntarytrustedidentity”systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech 5 ofaphysicalkey,afingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled 6 one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential 7 toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.
Theideaisto 8 afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould 9 whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense 10 bythegovernment.
GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethese“singlesign-on”systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto 11 justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.
12.theapproachwouldcreatea“walledgarden”ncyberspace,withsafe“neighborhoods”andbright“streetlights”toestablishasenseofa 13 community.
Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa“voluntaryecosystem”inwhich“individualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith 14 ,trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure 15 whichthetransactionruns”.
Still,theadministration’splanhas 16 privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould 17 beacompulsoryInternet“drive’slicense”mentality.
Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith 18 bysomecomputersecurityexperts,whoworrythatthe“voluntaryecosystem”envisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet 19 .TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe 20 toregisterandidentifythemselves,inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.
1.A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.ridden
2.A.forB.withinC.whileD.though
3.A.carelessB.lawlessC.pointlessD.helpless
4.A.reasonB.reminderC.compromiseD.proposal
5.A.informationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent
6.A.byB.intoC.fromD.over
7.A.linkedB.directedC.chainedD.compared
8.A.dismissB.discoverC.createD.improve
9.A.recallB.suggestC.selectD.realize
10.A.releasedB.issuedC.distributedD.delivered
11.A.carryonB.lingeronC.setinD.login
12.A.InvainB.IneffectC.InreturnD.Incontrast
13.A.trustedB.modernizedc.thrivingD.competing
14.A.cautionB.delightC.confidenceD.patience
15.A.onB.afterC.beyondD.across
16.A.dividedB.disappointedC.protectedD.united
17.A.frequentlyB.incidentallyC.occasionallyD.eventually
18.A.skepticismB.relevanceC.indifferenceD.enthusiasm
19.A.manageableB.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisible
20.A.invitedB.appointedC.allowedD.forced
SectionII ReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text 1
RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs’sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000:
ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmucheroticism.Butbytheendof2009Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman’scompensationcommittee;howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?
ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.
Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm’sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive’sproposals.Ifthesky,andthesharepriceisfalling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.
TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasehatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose“surprise”disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfountthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey“tradeup.”Leavingriskier,smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.
Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks,evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus.
21.AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor .
[A]gainingexcessiveprofits
[B]failingtofulfillherduty
[C]refusingtomakecompromises
[D]leavingtheboardintoughtimes
22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe .
[A]generousinvestors
[B]unbiasedexecutives
[C]sharepriceforecasters
[D]independentadvisers
23.AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversityafteranoutsidedirector’ssurprisedeparture,thefirmislikelyto .
[A]becomemorestable
[B]reportincreasedearnings
[C]dolesswellinthestockmarket
[D]performworseinlawsuits
24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors .
[A]maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirm
[B]haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm
[C]areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm
[D]willdeclineincentivesfromthefirm
25.Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis .
[A]permissive
[B]positive
[C]scornful
[D]critical
Text 2
Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspaper?
Ayearagotheendseemednear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America’sFederalTradecommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations?
Shouldthestatesubsidizethem?
Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.
Inmuchoftheworldthereisthesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers,whichinhabitthemosttroubledcomeoftheglobalindustry,havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago,butprofitallthesame.
Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13,500newsroomjobshavegonesince2007.Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand,sadlyformanyjournalists,theycanbepushedfurther.
Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses,withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008,accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperation&Development(OECD).InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.
Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody,butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspaperareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.
26.Bysaying“Newspaperslike…theirowndoom”(Lines3-4,Para.1),theauthorindicatesthatnewspaper .
[A]neglectedthesignofcrisis
[B]failedtogetstatesubsidies
[C]werenotcharitablecorporations
[D]wereinadesperatesituation
27.Somenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause .
[A]readersthreatenedtopayless
[B]newspaperswantedtoreducecosts
[C]journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas
[D]subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproducts
28.ComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestablebecausethey .
[A]havemoresourcesofrevenue
[B]havemorebalancednewsrooms
[C]arelessdependentonadvertising
[D]arelessaffectedbyreadership
29.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparag
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