试析直译与意译An Analysis of Literal Translation and Free Translation.docx

试析直译与意译An Analysis of Literal Translation and Free Translation.docx

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试析直译与意译AnAnalysisofLiteralTranslationandFreeTranslation

试析直译与意译

中文摘要

直译和意译是最基本的两种翻译方法。

直译可以最大限度保持原文的内容和原文的形式，而意译则不同。

意译只保留了原文的内容，而形式是多种多样的，它是一种更为灵活的翻译技巧。

直译和意译在翻译中是相辅相成的，要在实际翻译中掌握这两种翻译技巧，译者必须懂得两者之间的差异，并不断在实践中熟悉、运用这些技巧；同时还要扩大知识面，了解英汉的语言文化从而更好的实现翻译的等对关系。

本文借用了一些典型例子，从不同的角度试分析比较直译和意译之间的特点、差异及在实际中的运用。

本文由四章组成。

第一章为引言，简单介绍了直译和意译的定义，并给出一些简单的例子。

第二章为直译和意译的比较分析，重点介绍了两者的特点。

第三章为直译和意译的应用。

第四章为结论部分，概括了全文要点，对直译和意译的翻译策略提出研究建议，以及我从本次研究中学到的东西。

关键词:

直译；意译；特点；应用

AnAnalysisofLiteralTranslationandFreeTranslation

Abstract

Literaltranslationandfreetranslationaretwobasicmethodsoftranslation.Literaltranslationcankeeptheoriginalmeaningandoriginalform,butfreetranslationisdifferent.Freetranslationonlyretainsoriginalmeaning.Itisamoreflexibleskillthatincludesvariousforms.Literaltranslationandfreetranslationgoeshandinhandduringtheprocessoftranslation.Tograspbothmethodsintheactualtranslation,atranslatormustunderstandthedifferencebetweenliteraltranslationandfreetranslation,applyingthesetwoskillsinpractice.AswellasaccumulateextensiveknowledgeabouttranslationofEnglish-Chineselanguageandculturesoastoachieveequivalencetransformation.Byusingsometypicalexamples,thisthesiscomparesthecharacteristics,applicationandmakescontrastivestudiesofliteraltranslationandfreetranslationthroughdifferentaspects.

Keywords:

literaltranslation;freetranslation;characteristic;application

Contents

1.2Thedefinitionoffreetranslation2

1.3Literaltranslationisnotstiffandfreetranslationisnotrandom3

Chapter2Studiesofliteraltranslationandfreetranslation6

2.1Thecharactersofliteraltranslation6

2.2Thecharactersoffreetranslation6

Chapter3Applicationofliteraltranslationandfreetranslation8

3.1Howtoapplyliteraltranslationcorrectly8

3.2Whentoapplyfreetranslation10

3.3Takethepropermethodindifferentcircumstances11

3.3.1Theapplicationofliteraltranslationandfreetranslationinproverb11

3.3.2Theapplicationofliteraltranslationandfreetranslationinidiom13

Conclusion16

Bibliography18

Acknowledgement19

Introduction

Inordertoexchangeideasamongdifferentnations,translationisanabsolutelynecessaryway.Translationisthelanguagepracticalactivitywhichusesakindoflanguageformtore-representthecontentofanotherkindoflanguageform.（翻译是一种语言形式把另一种语言形式里的内容重新表现出来的语言实践活动。

出自冯庆华《实用翻译教程》上海外语教育出版社2005）Literaltranslationandfreetranslationaretwobasicwaysoftranslation.Welaystressonhowtohandletwodifferentkindsoflanguage,andwhichwayoftranslationisbettertousetotranslateasentence.Weknowdifferentnationalitieshavedifferentculturaltraditionsanddifferentlifestyle,sotherearevariousdifferencesinlanguageexpression.Beforewetranslate,weshouldknowwelltheirculturalbackgroundandexpressionhabits.Weoftenmakeourchoiceintheseaspects:

themeaningoforiginallanguage,theconstructionandthewayofexpression.Literaltranslationkeepstheoriginalmeaning,soasfreetranslation.Butfreetranslationretainsmoreformsandmakesarticlemorevividly.Sometimesweuseliteraltranslationandsometimesweusefreetranslation.Ifwewanttomakethetranslationperfect,weshouldcommandbothliteraltranslationandfreetranslationflexibility.

Chapter1Twobasicmethodstranslation

1.1Thedefinitionofliteraltranslation

Literaltranslationreferstotranslateasentenceoriginally,keepingtheoriginalforms,includingconstructionofsentences,meaningoftheoriginalwords,andmetaphoroftheoriginalandsoon.Itcannotonlyreproducethemeaningandframeoflanguage,butalsokeepitsvividimagefigureofspeechandnovelanduniqueexpressivewayssothatreaderscancomprehendtheorigin’sliteralgrace.

Forexample:

Thewintermorningwasclearascrystal.Thesunriseburnedredinapuresky,theshadowontherimofthewoodlandweredarklyblue,andbeyondthewhiteandscintillatingfieldspatchesoffaroffforforesthunglikesmoke.

Literaltranslation:

冬天的早晨水晶般明澈。

纯净的东边天上朝日烧的通红，林子边上的影子时暗蓝色，隔着那耀眼的白茫茫的天野远处的森林像挂在半空中的烟云。

（出自刘建芳《浅谈直译与意译》内蒙古教育学院报1998年9月第3期）

Thistranslationkeepstheoriginalformandmeaningtotally.Itcomesouttheauthor’swritingstyleandtransferthesourcelanguagetotargetlanguageperfectly.

1.2Thedefinitionoffreetranslation

Freetranslationmeansamethodofmakingthetargettextsmoothandperfect.Onthebasisofthem,placesofwordandconstructionsofsentencehavetobealmostchangedtosuitrealmeaningsoforiginaltext.

Forexample:

It’sanillwindthatblowsnobodygood.

Freetranslation:

对于某些人有害的事可能对于另外一些人有好处。

（出自王转《直译与意译漫谈》湖南教育学院报1996年No.6Vol.14）

Inthistranslation,wecanseethatthereisnowordinChinesethatequivalencetotheword“wind”inEnglish.Soweusefreetranslationwhichnotonlykeepstheoriginalmeaningbutalsomakessourcelanguagetotargetlanguagecomprehensively.

However,freetranslationdoesnotmeantoneglectoraddtheoriginal.Whentousefreetranslation,translatormustknowbothsourcelanguageandtargetlanguageverywell,includingtheculturalbackground,theequivalencewordsandmakethetranslationfluentandcomprehensible.Freetranslationisaflexibletranslationskill.Onceliteraltranslationcannotexpresstheoriginalwell,it’stimetousefreetranslation.

1.3Literaltranslationisnotstiffandfreetranslationisnotrandom

Translationdosenotmeantotransferequivalentsimplybetweentwolanguages,butthroughtheculturetocontactwitheachother.Literaltranslationisnotstiffandfreetranslationisnotrandom.Ifthetranslationisnotappropriate,itwouldleadtomisunderstandingandhaveaffectonculturalcommunication.Welistsomemajorreasonsandcasesthatcausetranslationinappropriate.

HerearesomeexamplesforEnglishtoChinese:

Differentsocialbackground

（1）Hehimself,themayor,nevervisitedEastEndhomes.

误译：

市长他本人从未访问过东方或东边家庭。

正译：

市长他本人从未访问过伦敦贫困区。

（出自聂明方《文化差异与英汉误译》中国电力教育2008年4月）

Thephrase“EastEnd”hadtheparticularmeaning.Londondividedintotwoparts.WestEndistheriches’houseandEastEndistheslum.Translate“EastEnd”to“thepeoplelivingintheEast”isnotappropriate.

Differentculturalbackground

（2）Theboss’sgirlFridaycalledme.

误译：

老板的女儿星期五打电话给我。

正译：

老板的女秘书打电话给我。

Thephrase“girlFriday”means“thecapablesecretary”.Similarly,“manFriday”means“thefaithfulservant”.Thephrase“manFriday”dividedfromthenameoftheservantinthebookRobinsonCrusoe.

（出自聂明方《文化差异与英汉误译》中国电力教育2008年4月）

（3）Shewasbornwithasilverspooninhermouth.

误译：

她生下来嘴里就含着银钥匙。

正译：

她出生在富贵人家。

“Golden”and“Silver”oftenmeanstherichfamily,andinChineseweuse“jade”tosignifytherich.InthemasterpieceDreamofRedMansions,“JiaBaoyuwasbornwithajadeinhismouth”meanshewasborninaveryrichfamily.

HerearesomeexamplesforChinesetoEnglish:

（1）有空请来玩

误译：

Ifyouarefree,pleasecometoplay.

正译：

Cometovisitusatyourleisure.

（2）你的手表不对

误译：

Yourwatchisnotcorrect.

正译：

Yourwatchdoesn’tkeeptime.

（3）教师待遇不好

误译：

Thetreatmentofteachersisbad.

正译：

Teachersarepoorlypaid.

（4）不要弄虚作假

误译：

Donotdofalsethingsandcheating.

正译：

Nocounterfeitandcheating.

（5）我们的胜利来之不易

误译：

Ourvictoryisnotwoneasily.

正译：

Ourvictoryhasnotbeenwoneasily.

（6）我们开放的步子要迈得更大一些

误译：

Outstepsofeconomicreformandopenpolicyshouldbefasterandbetter.

正译：

Takeabroaderapproachtoeconomicreformandopeningup.

Fromtheseexamples,nomattertranslatesEnglishtoChineseorChinesetoEnglish,translatorcouldnotmakesourcelanguagetotargetlanguagewordtoword.Becauseofthosereasons,word-to-wordtranslationonlymakesmisunderstandinganduncomprehending.

Chapter2Studiesofliteraltranslationandfreetranslation

2.1Thecharactersofliteraltranslation

Literaltranslationisamainmethodoftranslationwhichcanchangeoriginallanguagetosourcelanguageaccurately.Itisalsogoodforculturalcommunicationtomaintainthefeatureoriginal.Literaltranslationusuallyadoptedbymanytranslatorsanditiseasytobeacceptedbybeginners.Infact,literaltranslationemphasizesthe“formsimilarity”.

Howeverthedisadvantageofliteraltranslationisobvious.Itmakesthetranslatedversiondifficultforthetargetlanguagereaderstounderstand,becausedifferentcountrieshavedifferentcultureandordersoflanguage.

Herearetwoexamples:

（1）We’regratefulthatyoutooktimefromyourbusyscheduleandcametoHaitongtogiveusadvice.

Literaltranslation:

非常感谢您不辞辛劳，在百忙中抽空来我们海通公司指导。

（2）Amarriedwomanhopsinthehay.

Literaltranslation:

一位已婚女子在干草上来回蹦跳。

Freetranslation:

红杏出墙。

2.2Thecharactersoffreetranslation

Freetranslationisthewayto,accordingtothemainmeaningoftheoriginalpassage;translateasentencewithoutpayingattentiontothedetails,suchastheformofthesourcelanguage,figureofspeechandthestructureofsentence.Freetranslationshouldaccordwithtargetlanguageandcustoms.Thentargetlanguagereaderscanaccepttranslationeasily.

SomeofourChinesetheoristsinsistonusingfreetranslationinordertopreservethearticle’lingeringcharm.Forexample,LiuMiqing,afamousChinesetheorist,holdstheideathatonlyfreetranslationcanfullyexpressthearticle’charm.（刘宓庆《文体与翻译》，中国对外翻译出版社，2007年）Inaddition,freetranslationcanfullyexpresstheoriginalpassagewhenitisimpropertouseliteraltranslation.What’smore,itcanmakethetranslationfluentandeasilytounderstandbytargetlanguagereaders.Althoughmostoftranslatorsadoptfreetranslation,itbringssomeproblems.Iffreetranslationisoutoflimits,itwilldistortthemeani