GMAT网络课堂阅读笔记王昆嵩主讲4.docx
- 文档编号:6840394
- 上传时间:2023-01-11
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:10
- 大小:23.81KB
GMAT网络课堂阅读笔记王昆嵩主讲4.docx
《GMAT网络课堂阅读笔记王昆嵩主讲4.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《GMAT网络课堂阅读笔记王昆嵩主讲4.docx(10页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
GMAT网络课堂阅读笔记王昆嵩主讲4
Passage1
Sincetheonly1970's,historianshavebeguntodevoteseriousattentiontotheworkingclassintheUnitedState.Yetwhilewenowhavestudiesofworking-classcommuntiesandculture,weknowremarkablylittleofworklessness,WhenhistorianshavefocusedontheGreatDepressionofthe1930's.Thenarrownessofthisperspectiveignoresthepervasiverecessionsandjoblessnessofthepreviousdecades,asAlexanderKeyssarshowsinhisrecentbook.Examiningtheperiod1870-1920,KeyssarconcentratesonMassachusetts,wheretehhistoricalmaterialsareparticularlyrich,andthefindingsapplicabletootherindustrialareas.
(TheunemploymentratesthatKeyssarcalculatesappeartoberelativelymodest,atleastbyGreatDepressionstandards:
duringtheworstyears,inthe1870'sand1890's,unemploymentwasaround15percent).YetKeyssarrightlyunderstandsthatabetterwaytomeasuretheimpactofunemploymentistocalculateunemploymentfrequencies-measuringthepercentageofworkerswhoexperienceanyunemploymentinthecourseofayear.Giventhisperspective,joblessnessloomsmuchlarger.
Keyssaralsoscrutinizeunemploymentpatternsaccordingtoskilllevel,ethnicity,race,age,class,andgender.Hefindsthatratesofjoblessnessdifferedprimarilyaccordingtoclass:
thoseinmiddle-classandwhite-collaroccupationswerefarlesslikelytobeunemployed.Yettheimpartofunemploymentonaspecificclasswasnotalwaysthesame.Evenwhendependentonthesametrade,adjoiningcommunitiescouldhavedramaticallydifferentunemploymentrates.Keyssarusesthesedifferentialratestohelpexplainaphenomenonthathaspuzzledhistoriansthestartlinglyhighrateofgeo-graphicalmobilityinthenineteenth-centuryUnitedStates.Butmobilitywasnotthedominantworking-classstrategyforcopingwithunemployment,norwasassistancefromprivatecharitesorstateagencies.Self-helpandthehelpofkingotmostworkersthroughjoblessspells.
WhileKayssarmighthavespentmoretimedevelopingtheimplicationsofhisfindingonjoblessnessforcontemporarypublicpolicy,hisstudy,initsthoroughresearchandcreativeuseofquantitativeandqualitativeevidence,isamodelofhistoricalanalysis.
1.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith
(A)recommendinganewcourseofinvestigation
(B)summarizingandassessingastudy
(C)makingdistinctionsamongcategories
(D)criticizingthecurrentstateofafield
(E)comparingandcontrastingtwomethodsforcalculatingdata
2.Thepassagesuggeststhatbeforetheearly1970's,whichofthefollowingwastrueofthestudybyhistoriansoftheworkingclassintheUniteState?
(A)Thestudywasinfrequentorsuperficial,orboth.
(B)Thestudywasrepeatedlycriticizedforitsallegedlynarrowfocus.
(C)Thestudyreliedmoreonqualitativethanquantitativeevidence.
(D)Thestudyfocusedmoreontheworking-classcommunitythanonworking-classculture.
(E)Thestudyignoredworking-classjoblessnessduringtheGreatDepression.
3.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueofKeyssar'sfindingsconcerningunemploymentinMassachusetts?
(A)Theytendtocontradictearlierfindingsaboutsuchunemployment.
(B)TheyarepossiblebecauseMassachusettshasthemosteasilyaccessiblehistoricalrecords.
(C)Theyarethefirsttomentiontheexistenceofhighratesofgeographicalmobilityinthenineteenthcentury.
(D)Theyarerelevanttoahistoricalunderstandingofthenatureofunemploymentinotherstates.
(E)TheyhavecausehistorianstoreconsidertheroleoftheworkingclassduringtheGreatDepression.
4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowistrueoftheunemploymentratesmentionedinline15
(A)Theyhovered,onaverrage,around15percentduringtheperiod1870-1920.
(B)Theygivelessthanafullsenseoftheimpactofunemploymentonworking-classpeople.
(C)Theyoverstimatetheimportanceofmiddleclassandwhite-collarunemploument
(D)Theyhavebeenconsideredbymanyhistorianstounderestimatetheextentofworking-classunemploument.
(E)Theyaremoreopentoquestionwhencalculatedforyearsotherthanthoseofpeakrecession.
5.WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheunemployemntrateduringtheGreatDepressioncanbeinferredfromthepassage?
(A)Itwassometimeshigherthan15percent.
(B)Ithasbeenanalyzedseriouslyonlysincetheearly1970's.
(C)Itcanbecalculatedmoreeasilythancanunemploymentfrequency.
(D)Itwasneverashighastherateduringthe1870's.
(E)IthasbeenshownbyKeyssartobelowerthanpreviouslythought.
6.Accordingtothepassage,Keyssarconsiderswhichofthefollowingtobeamongtheimportantpredictorsofthelikelihoodthataparticularpersonwouldbeunemployedinlatenineteenth-centuryMassachusetts?
Ⅰ.Theyperson'sclass
Ⅱ.Wherethepersonlivedorworked
Ⅲ.Theperson'sage
(A)Ⅰonly
(B)Ⅱonly
(C)ⅠandⅡonly
(D)ⅠandⅢonly
(E)Ⅰ,Ⅱ,andⅢ
7.TheauthorviewsKeyssar'sstudywith
(A)impatientdisapproval
(B)waryconcern
(C)politeskepticism
(D)scrupulousneutrality
(E)qualifiedadmiration
8.Whichofthefollowing,ifture,wouldmoststronglysupportKeyssar'sfindingsastheyaredescrebedbytheauthor?
(A)Boston,Massachusetts,andQuincy,Massachusetts,adjoiningcommunities,hadahigherrateofunemploymentforworking-classpeoplein1870thanin1890.
(B)White-collarprofessionlarssuchasattorneyshadasmuchtroubleasdaylaborersinmaintainingasteadylevelofemploymentthroughouttheperiod1870-1920.
(C)Working-classwomenlivinginCambridge,Massachusetts,weremorelikelythanworking-classmenlivinginCambridgetobeunemployedforsomeperiodoftimeduringtheyear1873.
(D)Inthe1890'sshoe-factoryworkersmovedawayinlargenumbersfromChelmsford,Massachusetts,whereshoefactorieswewbeingreplacedbyotherindustries,toadjoiningWestChelmsford,wheretheshoeindustryfloutished.
(E)Inthelatenineteenthcentury,workersofallclassesinMassachusettsweremorelikelythanworkersofallclassesinotherstaatestomovetheirplaceofresidencefromonelocationtoanotherwithinthestate.
Passage2
KazukoNakane'shistoryoftheearlyJapaneseimmigrantstocentralCalifornia'sPajaroValleyfocusesonthedevelopmentoffarmingcommunitiestherefrom1890to1940.TheIssei(first-generationimmigrants)werebroughtintothePajarovalleytoraisesugarbeets.LikeIsseilaborersinAmericancities,Japanesemeninruralareassoughtemploymentviathebosssystem.Thesystemcomprisedthreeelements;immigrantwagelaborers;Isseiboardinghouseswherelaborersstayed;andlaborcontractors,whogatheredworkersforaparticularjobandthennegotiatedacontractbetweenworkersandemployer.ThissamesystemwasoriginallyutilizedbytheChineselaborerswhohadprecededtheJapanese.Arelatedinstitutionwasthelaborclub,whichprovidedjobinformationandnegotiatedemploymentcontractsandotherlegalmatters,suchastherentalofland,forIsseiwhochosetobelongandpaidanannualfeetothecooperativeformembership.
Whenthelocalsugarbeetindustrycollapsedin1903,theIsseibegantoleaselandfromthevalley'sstrawberryfarmers.TheJapaneseprovidedthelaborandthecropwasdividedbetweenlaborersandlandowners.TheIsseithusmovedquicklyfromwage-laboremploymenttosharecrop-pingagreements.AlimitedamountofeconomicprogresswasmadeassomeIsseiwereabletorentorbuyfarmlanddirectly,whileothersjoinedtogethertoformfarmingcorporations.AstheIsseibegantooperatefarms,theybegantomarryandstartfamilies,forminganestablishedJapaneseAmericancommunity.Unfortunately,theIssei'seffortstoattainagriculturalindependencewerehamperedbygovernmentrestrictions,suchastheAlienLandLawof1913.ButimmigrantscouldcircumventsuchexclusionarylawsbyleasingorpurchasinglandintheirAmerican-cornchildren'snames.
Nakane'scasestudyofoneruralJapaneseAmericancommunityprovidesvaluableinformationaboutthelivesandexperiencesoftheIssei.Itis,however,tooparticularistic.ThislimitationderiversfromNakane'smethodology----thatoforalhistory----whichcannotsubstituteforabroadertheoreticalorcomparativeperspective.Futureresearchmightwellconsidertwoissuesraisedbyherstudy:
weretheIsseiofthePajaroValleysimilartoordifferentfromIsseiinurbansettings,andwhatvariationsexistedbetweenruralJapaneseAmericancommunities?
1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageitto
(A)defendacontroversialhypothesispresentedinahistoryofearlyJapaneseimmigrantsCalifornia
(B)dismissahistoryofanearlyJapanesesettlementinCaliforniaasnarrowandillconstructed
(C)summarizeandcritiqueahistoryofanearlyJapanesesettlementinCalifornia
(D)compareahistoryofoneJapaneseAmericancommunitywithstudiesofJapanesesettlementsthroughoutCalifornia
(E)examinethedifferencesbetweenJapaneseandChineseimmigrantstocentralCaliforniain1890's
2.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesalaborclub,asdefinesinthepassage?
(A)AnorganizationtowhichIsseiwerecompelledtobelongiftheysoughtemploymentinthePajaroValley
(B)Anassociationwhosemembersincludedlaborcontractorsandlandowningbosses
(C)AtypeoffarmingcorporationsetupbyIsseiwhohadresidedinthePajaroValleyforsometime
(D)Acooperativeassociationwhosemembersweredues-payingJapaneselaborers
(E)AsocialorganizationtowhichJapaneselaborersandtheirfamiliesbelonged
3.Basedoninformationinthepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsconcerningtheAlienLandLawof1913ismostaccurate?
(A)ItexcludedAmerican-borncitizensofJapaneseancestryfromlandown
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- GMAT 网络课堂 阅读 笔记 王昆嵩 主讲