备战届高考英语阅读之说明文八.docx
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备战届高考英语阅读之说明文八.docx
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备战届高考英语阅读之说明文八
备战2021高考英语阅读之说明文(八)
(A)
Renewableenergyprojects,includingonshoreandoffshorewindandsolarfarms,havesofarbeensubsidized(资助)bygovernmentsupportschemes.Thishasledtosometocomplainthatcleanenergyispushingupbills.
However,themostrecentlyapprovedoffshorewindprojectswillmostlikelyoperatewith‘negativesubsidies’—payingmoneybacktothegovernment.Themoneywillgotowardsreducinghouseholdenergybillsastheoffshorewindfarmsstartproducingpowerinthemid-2020s.
ThisistheconclusionofananalysisbyaninternationalteamledbyImperialCollegeLondonresearcherspublishedtodayinNatureEnergy.
LeadresearcherDrMalteJansen,fromtheCentreforEnvironmentalPolicyatImperial,said:
“Offshorewindpowerwillsoonbesocheaptoproducethatitwillundercutfossil-fueledpowerstationsandmaybethecheapestformofenergyfortheUK.Energysubsidiesusedtopushupenergybills,butwithinafewyearscheaprenewableenergywillseethembroughtdownforthefirsttime.Thisisanastonishingdevelopment.”
TheanalysisforfivecountriesinEurope,includingtheUK,focusedonaseriesofgovernmentauctions(拍卖)foroffshorewindfarmsbetweenFebruary2015andSeptember2019.Companiesthatwanttobuildwindfarmsbidintheauctionsbystatingthepriceatwhichtheywillselltheenergytheyproducetothegovernment.
Theseareknownas‘contractsfordifference’orCfDs.Ifacompany’sbidishigherthanthewholesaleelectricitypriceontheUKmarketoncethewindfarmisupandrunning,thenthecompanywillreceiveasubsidyfromthegovernmenttotopuptheprice.
However,ifthestatedprice(规定价格)islessthanthewholesaleprice,thenthecompanywillpaythegovernmentbackthedifference.Thispaybackisthenpassedthroughtoconsumer’senergybills,reducingtheamountthathomesandbusinesseswillpayforelectricity.
Thewinningcompaniessaidtheycouldbuildnewoffshorewindfarmsforaround£40permegawatthour(MWh)ofpower.Thiswasanewrecordsetbythesewindfarmswithbids30percentlowerthanjusttwoyearsearlier.
1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?
A.OffshorewindfarmstobebuiltintheUKcouldreducehouseholdenergybillsbyproducingelectricityverycheaply.
B.Offshorewindfarmswillnotbesubsidizedbygovernmentinthenearfuture.
C.TheimportanceofCfDs.
D.Theoperationofnegativesubsidies.
2.AccordingtoParagraph2,offshorewindfarms________.
A.willstopproducingpowerinthemid-2020s
B.arepayingmoneybacktothegovernment
C.willhelpreducehouseholdenergybills
D.willalloperatewith‘negativesubsidies’
3.Theunderlinedwords“topup”inParagraph6probablymean________.
A.makeupB.takeupC.coverD.fillup
4.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?
A.Therenewableenergyprojectswillleadtosometocomplainthatcleanenergyispushingupbills.
B.Thecompanywhosebidislessthanthewholesaleelectricitypricewillreceiveasubsidy.
C.Thestatedelectricitypriceisnowhigherthanthewholesaleelectricityprice.
D.Fossil-fueledpowerwillbesoonproducedcheaply.
(B)
“ThishasgoneaswellasIcouldhavedreamed,andIcanflyinthenearfuture!
”Yes,AlyssaCarson,anow-18-year-oldastronautfromBatonRouge,Louisianaiscapable.Forher,ridingthemostaggressiverollercoasterintheparkisnotabigdeal.Ifallgoesaccordingtoherplans,NASAwillsendhertoMarsin2033,makingherthefirsthumantostepfootontheplanet.Shewillspendtwotothreeyearslivingthere,growingfood,performingscienceexperimentsandsearchingforsignsoflife.“TheMartianisactuallyveryaccurate,”shesaid.“Alotofthingsthathappenedinthemoviearesimilartowhatisgoingtohappen.”Shehasdevotedherentirelifetopreparingforherjourney.
HerloveforspacestartedwhenshewatchedacartooncalledTheBackyardigansattheageof3.Fiveanimalpalsonimaginaryadventuresintheirbackyard,includingonepart-amissiontoMars.“Ithought‘Thisredplanetissocool!
’”shesaid.“Istartedwatchingvideosofrovers’landingonMars.IhadalargemapofMarsinmyroomwhichIwouldlookateveryday.IstartedgettingtelescopessoIcouldlookatspace.
At7,herfathertookhertospacecampinHuntsville,Alabama.“Thatwastheweekendofmylife.”shesaid.IgottolearneverythingIhadbeenwantingtoknowandIgottoseealife-sizerocket.”Shecherishedtherocketsomuchthatshereturned18times.At12,shebecamethefirstpersoninhistorytoattendallthreeNASAspacecampsinHuntsville,Alabama;Quebec,CanadaandIzmir,Turkey.
Atfirstshemasteredthebasicsofspaceandhowhumanshaveexploreditthroughouttime.Asshegotoldershesimulated(模拟)missions,tryingtoreachadestinationingravity-free,weightlesszones.
Whenshewas9,shemetNASAastronautSandraMagnus.Theexperiencedexplorertoldhershewasheragewhenshedecidedtogotospace.AtthatmomentAlyssaknewherloveofspacewasnotahobby.“Ididthesamethingasotherkids,likeswitchingmymindaboutcareers,wantingtobeateacherorthepresidentoneday,”shesaid.“ButthewayIalwaysthoughtaboutitwasIwouldbecomeanastronaut,gotoMars,comeback,andthenbeateacherorthepresident.”
1.WhichofthefollowingaboutAlyssaCarsonisright?
A.ShehascreatedmodelmissionstoMars.
B.Sheistheyoungestonewhohascompletedastronauttraining.
C.SheislikelytobethefirsthumantoperformdifferenttasksonMars.
D.ShehasvisitedthespacecampinHuntsville,Alabamafornearly30times.
2.What’ssupposedtobestressedbyreferringtoNASAastronautSandraMagnus?
A.Thepowerofspacedreams.
B.Thepopularityofspacetravel.
C.Theimportanceofcareerchoices
D.Theexcitementofherspaceexperiences.
3.Whatcan’tbeinferredfromthearticle?
A.TheBackyardigansisacartoonforkids.
B.AlyssawillhavemanytaskstocompleteifshelandsonMarssuccessfully.
C.Alyssawasforcedtolearnthebasicsofspacesciencebyherfather.
D.Alyssaenjoysridingrollercoasterslikemanyotheryoungpeople.
4.Whatdoestheauthorintendtodoinwritingthepassage?
A.TointroduceAmericanspaceindustry.
B.TopromotethevaluesofAmericanteens.
C.ToencouragetourstoMars.
D.TopresentarisingAmericanspacestar.
(C)
In1973,MarkGranovetter,asociologyprofessoratStanfordUniversity,publishedapaperentitledTheStrengthofWeakTies.Itwentontobecomeoneofthemostinfluentialsociologypapersofalltime.Untilthenscholarshadassumedthatanindividual’swell-beingdependedmainlyonthequalityofrelationshipswithclosefriendsandfamily.Granovettershowedthatquantitymatters,too.Hecategoriesaperson’ssocialworldas“strongties”and“weakties”.Hiscentralinsightwasthatfornewmessagesandideas,weaktiesaremoreimportanttousthanstrongones.AsGranovetterpointedout,thepeoplewhomweoftentalktoswiminthesamepoolofinformationaswedo.Wedependonacquaintanceswhomweseeinfrequentlytobringusnewsofopportunities.
ThiswastheideabehindthePixarbuilding,thedesignofwhichwasmadebySteveJobs.Thebuildinghasalargecentralhallthroughwhichallemployeeshavetopassseveraltimesaday.Jobswantedcolleaguestorunintoeachother,grabcoffeeandhaveachat.Hebelievedinthepoweroftheseseeminglyrandomconversationstofireupcreativity.
Encounterswithweaktiescanbegoodforourmentalwellbeing,too.GillianSandstrom,aseniorlecturerinpsychologyattheUniversityofEssex,investigatedtheextenttowhichpeoplegethappinessfromweak-tierelationships.Shefoundthatondayswhenaparticipanthadagreaternumberofcasualinteractionswithweakties–say,aneighbour,amemberofyogaclass–theyexperiencedmorehappinessandagreatersenseofbelonging.
Forallthesereasons,weshouldcontinuetotryandfindwaystocultivateweak-tierelationships.Sandstromaddsthatwecanalsoengageinmoreweak-tie-styleinteractionswithourstrongties.Thegoalistoletothersknowyouarethinkingofthemwithoutaskingforagreatdealoftime,energyorattention.
1.WhydoesGranovetterthinkweaktiesaremoreimportant?
A.Theyaresmallerinnumber.
B.Theyformsamecircleoffriends.
C.Theyaresourcesofnewinformation.
D.Theyarerelatedtoclosefriendsandfamily.
2.Whichofthefollowingcanbecategorizedasweakties?
A.Neighbors.B.Bestfriends.
C.Parents.D.Husbandorwife.
3.WhatisthefunctionofthecentralhallinPixarbuilding?
A.Ithelpsstaffbuildfriendship.
B.Itallowsstafftohaveabreak.
C.Itencouragesstafftomeetandchat.
D.IthelpsJobscommunicatewithstaff.
4.WhatdoesSandstromwanttoconveyinthelastparagraph?
A.Wecandevelopweaktiesintostrongties.
B.Weshouldspendmoretimewithstrongties.
C.Weshouldbalanceweaktieswithstrongties.
D.Wecanapplycasualinteractionstostrongties.
(D)
Ourelectronicdevicestodaystoreanawfullotofpersonalinformation.Weusethedevicestoreadandsende-mails,checkbankbalances,andevenpayourbillsovertheinternet.Wewanttobeassuredthatifourdevicesarestolen.ourpersonalinformationstoredinsidethemwillremainsafefromthethiefwhophysicallypossessesthedevice.
Todealwiththisproblem.ApplehascomeoutwithanewiPhonethatusesbiometric(生物识别的)informationtolockitselfup.Thephonehasafingerprintscannerthatwilllockorunlockthephone.Yourfingerprintbecomesthekey,andthismakesitnearlyimpossibleforotherstouseyourphonewithoutyourimmediatepermission-ordoesit?
Atfirstlook,onewouldthinkthatthistypeofsecuritywouldb
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