雅思写作基础课堂材料学案版 基本语法夯实.docx
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雅思写作基础课堂材料学案版 基本语法夯实.docx
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雅思写作基础课堂材料学案版基本语法夯实
雅思写作基础课堂补充材料
第一讲
一、雅思写作综合介绍
Task1(A类)
Task1(G类)
Task2(A/G类)
考题类型
曲线图、柱状图、饼状图、表格等,或流程图和示意图,或两种不同种类的图表组合
写信:
咨询,投诉,感谢,邀请,道歉,建议,申请等
议论或者报告,话题涉及到教育,环境,科技,健康,经济,犯罪,艺术,文化,青少年,政府等
考试时间
20minutes
20minutes
40minutes
写作字数
≥150words
≥150words
≥250words
分值比例
≌1/3
≌1/3
≌2/3
文体特征
学术写作,无主观句
信件来往
学术写作,有主观句
注意事项
考生应特别注意:
1需将作文写在答卷上;2字数如果达不到最低要求将被扣分;3文章内容如果偏题或者跑题将被扣分;4任何抄袭(如抄袭其他来源的内容)的作文将被重扣;5文章如果不完整、内容相互没有关联将被扣分(如在任何部分使用点句或笔记形式)。
分数要求
移民或读语言学校起码要5分(ModestUser)
留学需要6分(CompetentUser)以上
法律、传媒、管理等名校的研究生,写作最好达到7分(GoodUser)
二、英文写作基础知识
(一)英语句子的基本成分
1、主语:
句中要说明的人、事、物,可以由名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式、主语从句来担当。
●主语从句作主语,it作形式主语:
(1)名词性句型:
Itisoftenthecase/thefact/awell-knownfact/apopular(common)beliefthat…
(2)主动句型:
Itseemsthat…
Itgoeswithoutsayingthat…
(3)被动句型
Itis(generally/widely/extensively/universally/commonly)said/believed/reported/accepted/announced/estimated/acknowledgedthat…
Itismustbeadmitted/stressedoutthat…
Itcannotbedenied/canbeforeseenthat…
(4)形容词性句型
Itisobvious/generallyarguable/harmfulthat…
Itisasclearascrystalthat…
不定式作主语,it作形式主语
Itis+adj./n.(forsb.)todosth.
Itisalmostimpossibletotalkofourvividearthwithoutmentioningthesignificantrolesplayedbyvariouswildanimals.
Itisnotefficientforthecommuterstousetheirprivatecarstoandbackfromtheirworkplaces.
Itishardtoimaginethelimiteddistributionprovidedbythecriminalunderworldcouldcompetewiththistragicfigure.
2、谓语:
用来说明主语的状态、动作或者特征,主要由及物动词、不及物动词、系动词或情态动词+v.原形构成的。
使用时,应注意其时态、语态和语气。
如:
Inthiscompetitivesociety,employmentexperienceandabundantinformationhavebecomeveryimportantfeaturesofordinarystudents’future.
Manyholdersofahighschooldiplomaaretaughtthatthesubjectsaretooacademic.
Itissuggestedthatthegovernmentshouldtakemeasuresassoonaspossibletotacklegrowingtraffic.
3、表语:
也称之为主补,跟在系动词后面,构成特殊的宾语,通常由名词、代词、形容词、副词、动名词、不定式、表语从句来充当。
注意表语从句:
Themainreasonisthattobaccoisasilentkillertosmokers.
Anotherreasonisthatmoreandmoreyoungpeopleareunder18yearsoldwhosmokecigarettehavebeenblindedbythedeceitoftobacconists.
Forinstance,inIslamiccountries,theirbeliefisthatthepeoplecan’teatpork;theythinkthatpigisnotasymbolofspotlessnessandpigwillsullytheirholybelief.
表语从句的句型有:
(1)Anothercause/solution/reason/pointtobeconsideredisthat…
(2)Thefirst/second/thirdelement/measuretobetaken/possiblereason/step/thingtobementioned/lastthingtobeshownisthat…
(3)Thatiswhy…
(4)Why…isthat…
(5)Ahottopicdiscussedbypeopleiswhether…
(6)AistoBwhatCistoD
AistoBasCistoD
(7)Myview/point/focusisthat…
(8)Thefirst/second/third/Anotherdisadvantageof(doing)somethingisthat…
4、宾语:
表示动作行为所作用的对象,跟在及物动词之后。
宾语通常由名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式、宾语从句来担当。
雅思常用宾语句型:
(1)主动句型:
Somepeoplethink/conclude/assert/(dostrongly)believe/hold/pointout/maintain/argue/deemthat…
Somepeopledeemthat…
Somepeopletakeitforgrantedthat…
Weshouldadmitthat…
Nobodycandenythat….
(2)被动句型:
Somepeopleare(fully/firmly)convincedthat
5、定语:
放在名词的前面或者名词的后面,用以修饰名词的即为定语。
最常见的定语是形容词,其次还有动名词、不定式和定语从句(这是雅思写作中用以拓展句子的重点句型)。
6、状语:
可以用来修饰形容词、副词、动词或者整个句子。
可以由名词、副词、介词短语、分词短语、动词不定式、状语从句来担当。
状语种类多达十一种:
时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、条件、让步、比较、伴随、评注。
在雅思写作中最常用来状语的有副词、状语从句、状语从句省略结构、动词不定式、分词。
(1)副词:
Honestly,itishardformetogiveayes-noanswertothisquestion.
(2)状语从句:
Wherethereisanopenmind,therewillalwaysbefrontier.
(3)状语从句省略结构:
Ifpossible,measuresshouldbetakenbygovernmenttotacklehouseproblems.
(4)todo:
Tosolvethisproblem,peopleputupforwardvarioussolutions.
(5)-ing:
Technologyisdevelopingbyleapsandbounds,makingitpossibleforpeopletolivebetterthaneverbefore.
(6)-ed:
Beingpunishedseverely,thecriminalswillhesitatebeforecommittingcrimesnexttime.
7、同位语:
跟在名词的后面,解释说明该名词。
一般由名词短语或者that同位语从句来充当。
SomepeopleholdtheopinionthattheInternetisacurse.
Museumsplayaroleofeducationforthesimplereasonthattheyprovidepeoplewithagoodopportunitytohaveadeeperunderstandingoftheirowncountry'straditionandcultures.
Universitystudentsshouldbeartotalexpensesfortheirtuitiononthegeneralizationthatuniversitystudentsusuallyearnmuchmorethanpeoplewithoutadegree.
8、补语:
主语补足语(补充说明主语的情况,又称表语);宾语补足语(补充说明宾语的情况)在雅思写作中常做宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、分词和动词不定式。
形容词:
Manypeoplefindthisexperienceawful.
Todo:
Advertisementsoftenurgepeopletobuygoodstheydonotneed.
-ing:
Theyfindthewildanimalsgrazingonthegrassland.
-ed:
Ahostofresearchersrealizedtheforestslogged.
(二)英语句子的基本结构
1、S+V(主语+不及物动词)
2、S+LV+SC(主语+系动词+主语补足语)
3、S+V+O(主语+及物动词+宾语)
4、S+V+O2+O1=S+V+O1+Prep.+O2(主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语=主语+谓语+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语)
5、S+V+O+OC(主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语)
请分析下列句子结构:
Lotsofthingsarereallydifficulttocompletebypersonalpower.
Thus,itisimportanttoletchildrengettoknowsignificanceofcooperation.
Inconclusion,childrenoughttolearnsignificanceofcooperationandhowtoworktogether,inordertobettertheirfuture.
(三)英语句子的结构分类
简单句——简单、明确,使用泛滥像rap
并列句——S+V…,and/but/or+S+V…
复合句——主句从属连词+从句
三、英文写作基础句型
(一)定语从句
1、定义:
名词、名词短语、部分句子或整个句子后面的从句性修饰成分
2、分类:
限定性定语从句,非限定性定语从句
3、构成:
被修饰成分=先行项+关系词+缺少主语/宾语/定语/时间、地点、原因状语的从句
4、关系词:
关系代词:
who,whom,whose,that,which
关系副词:
when,where,why
介词+which
5、定语从句关系词的选择
(1)关系词的选择
类别
限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句
先行项
人
物
人
物
项目
句子中的成分+关系词
在句子中的成分+关系词
不同成分
主语:
who,that
主语:
that,which
主语who
主语which
宾语:
who,whom,that,/
宾语:
that,which,/
宾语whom,who
宾语which
定语:
whose
定语
whose
定语
whose
补语
which
状语:
时间who;地点:
where;原因:
why=prep.+which
(2)定语从句中关系词常用that不用which的情况
其他:
a..在“such(thesame)...as...”句型中,关系代词要用as,而不用which.
Weneedsuchmaterialsas(notwhich)canbearhightemperature.
b.表示“正如……那样”,“正象……”之意时,用as,不用which.
Marywaslateagain,ashadbeenexpected.
c.as引导的定语从句位置比较灵活,即可以放在主句前面,也可以放在主句后面或主句中间
Asweallknow,oceanscovermorethan70%oftheearth.
6、定语从句练习
把下面的两个句子连接成含有定语从句的一个句子
(1)Thetrendisnotrestrictedtorichstudents.Richstudentshavethemoneytotravel.
(2)Ayoungadultisratherrestrictedintermsofgeneralknowledgeandexperienceoftheworld.Ayoungadultpassesdirectlyfromschooltouniversity.
(3)Thosehaveabroaderviewoflifeandbetterpersonalresourcestodrawon.Thosehavespentsometimeearnalivingortravellingtootherplaces.
(4)Theytendtobemoreindependent.Thisisaveryimportantfactorinacademicstudyandresearch.
(5)Thisislesslikelytoday.Todayacademicqualificationsareessentialforgettingareasonablecareer.
(6)Amoredramaticriseispredictedbetween2030and2040inJapan.Bythistimeitisthoughtthattheproportionofelderlypeoplewillbesimilarinthethreecountries.
(7)Thetablegivesabreakdownofthedifferenttypesoffamily.TheywerelivinginpovertyinAustraliain1999.
(8)Ithinkthesolutiontotheproblemlieswiththefamilies.Theyneedtobemoreawareofthefutureconsequencesofspoilingtheirchildren.
(二)状语从句
根据提示,把下面两句话连接成含有状语从句的主从复合句
(1)ItisalsoclosetotherailwaylinelinkingthetwotownstoCrandson.Apotentiallylargenumberofshopperswouldalsobeabletotravelbytrain.(as)
(2)Theexperienceswehaveinourlifeareunpredictableandpowerful.Theycanboostorevenoverrideotherinfluences.(so…that…)
(3)Webuyfreshfoodwithoutpackaging.Westillproducerubbishfromtheplasticbagsusedeverywheretocarryshoppinghome.(evenif)
(4)Happinessisdifficulttodefine.Itmeanssomanydifferentthingstodifferentpeople.(because)
(5)Therearedifferentkindsofhappinessfordifferentindividuals.Thefirststepinachievingitwouldbetohaveadegreeofself-knowledge.(if)
(6)Theygettoschoolage.Theyhavenotlearntanyselfcontrolordiscipline.(when)
(7)Iknowyouhavealwayslikedthisfurniture.Icouldletyouhaveitatagoodprice.(so)
(8)Somepeoplethinkthismaybedamagingtoachild’sdevelopment.Therearemanyadvantagestohavingschoolexperienceatayoungage.(while)
第二讲
一、复合句——长短句结合
(一)形容词性从句:
定语从句(教材7页)
(二)副词性从句:
状语从句(教材9页)
(三)名词性从句:
主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句(教材12、13、14页)
二、状语前置(考试加分句式)
1.Livinginpoverty,thesepeopledonotevenhavemoneytobuyenoughfood.
=Becausetheyliveinpoverty,thesepeopledonotevenhavemoneytobuyenoughfood
2.Deeplyinfluencedbyexcessivelyviolenceandpornographyontheinternet,someteenagerstendtogoastray.
=Astheydeeplyinfluencedbyexcessivelyviolenceandpornographyontheinternet,someteenagerstendtogoastray.
3.Intermsofattitude,agoodteachershouldbehighlymotivatedandpatient.
4.Inspiteofthis,theobviousbenefitsofcomputersillsforyoungchildrencannotbedenied.
5.Obviously,ifelderlypeopleliveathome,theirchildrencantakecareofthemandtheyfelllesslonely.
6.Justlikethemoviesstars,theyliveextravagantlifestyleswithhugehousesandcars.
7.Unfortunately,itisnotalwaysthecasethatnewthingsarepromotedbecausetheyhavegoodimpactsforthemajorityofpeople.
8.Insteadofwastingourtime,creativeadvertisementscanaffordusdiverseamusements,therebybrighteningupourlives.
9.Iamfascinatedbythewesternculture.Specifically,IthinktheFrenchcultureisreallyamazing.
10.Mostimportantly,thegovernmentshouldmakesurethatcitizenscanimprovetheirlives.
11.Toalleviatetrafficjams,thegovernmentshouldencouragepeopletotakethesubway.
12.WithoutanIELTSscore,onecannotgetavisafromtheembassy.
13.Tobemorespecific,governmentshouldstagesomerelevantlawsorregulationstoseverelypunishthefactoryproducingagreatnumberofpollutantsandthepeoplelit
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