Cognitive Linguistics.docx

Cognitive Linguistics.docx

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CognitiveLinguistics

LeonardTalmy

[Category:

'LeonardTalmy'factsanddescription]

LeonardTalmyisaprofessoroflinguistics （linguistics:

Thescientificstudyoflanguage） andphilosophy （philosophy:

Therationalinvestigationofquestionsaboutexistenceandknowledgeandethics） attheUniversityatBuffalo （UniversityatBuffalo:

morefactsaboutthissubject） inNewYork （NewYork:

AMid-Atlanticstate;oneoftheoriginal13colonies） .Heismostfamousforhispioneeringworkincognitivelinguistics （cognitivelinguistics:

cognitivelinguisticsisaschooloflinguisticsandcognitivescience,whichaims...

[followhyperlinkformore...]） ,morespecifically,intherelationshipbetweensemantic （semantic:

ingeneral,semantics（fromthegreeksemantikos,or"significantmeaning,"derivedfrom...

[followhyperlinkformore...]） andformallinguisticstructuresandtheconnectionsbetweensemantictypologiesanduniversals.HealsospecializesinthestudyofYiddish （Yiddish:

AdialectofHighGermanincludingsomeHebrewandotherwords;spokeninEuropeasavernacularbymanyJews;writtenintheHebrewscript） andNativeAmerican （NativeAmerican:

AnymemberofthepeopleslivinginNorthorSouthAmericabeforetheEuropeansarrived） linguistics.

Seealso

ForceDynamics （ForceDynamics:

forcedynamicsisasemanticcategorythatdescribesthewayinwhichentitiesinteract...

[followhyperlinkformore...]） 

FigureandGround

CognitiveLinguistics （CognitiveLinguistics:

cognitivelinguisticsisaschooloflinguisticsandcognitivescience,whichaims...

[followhyperlinkformore...]） 

Books

TowardaCognitiveSemantics（2000）--twovolumes

TheAttentionSystemofLanguage（forthcoming）

PublishedArticles

"TheRelationofGrammartoCognition"

"ForceDynamicsinLanguageandCognition"

"HowLanguageStructuresSpace"

"FictiveMotioninLanguageand`Ception'"

"LexicalizationPatterns"

"TheRepresentationofSpatialStructureinSpokenandSignedLanguages:

aNeuralModel"

"RecombinanceintheEvolutionofLanguage"

GeorgeLakoff

[Category:

'GeorgeLakoff'factsanddescription]

GeorgeP.Lakoffisaprofessoroflinguistics （linguistics:

Thescientificstudyoflanguage） （inparticular,cognitivelinguistics （cognitivelinguistics:

cognitivelinguisticsisaschooloflinguisticsandcognitivescience,whichaims...

[followhyperlinkformore...]） ）attheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley （UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley:

theuniversityofcalifornia,berkeley（alsoknownascal,ucberkeley,ucb,...

[followhyperlinkformore...]） wherehehastaughtsince1972.Althoughsomeofhisresearchinvolvesquestionstraditionallypursuedbylinguists,suchastheconditionsunderwhichacertainlinguisticconstructionisgrammaticallyviable,heismostfamousforhisideasaboutthecentralityofmetaphor （metaphor:

Afigureofspeechinwhichanexpressionisusedtorefertosomethingthatitdoesnotliterallydenoteinordertosuggestasimilarity） tohumanthinkingandsociety.Heisparticularlyfamousforhisconceptofthe"embodiedmind （embodiedmind:

embodiedphilosophy（alsoknownastheembodiedmindthesis,embodiedcognition...

[followhyperlinkformore...]） ".Inrecentyearshehasappliedhisworktotherealmofpolitics （politics:

Thestudyofgovernmentofstatesandotherpoliticalunits） ,andfoundedaprogressivethinktank （thinktank:

Acompanythatdoesresearchforhireandissuesreportsontheimplications） ,theRockridgeInstitute.

Thereappraisalofmetaphor

Lakoff'soriginalthesisonconceptualmetaphor （conceptualmetaphor:

conceptualmetaphor:

incognitivelinguisticsmetaphorisdefinedasunderstandingone...

[followhyperlinkformore...]） wasexpressedinhisbookwithMarkJohnson （MarkJohnson:

morefactsaboutthissubject） entitledMetaphorsWeLiveByin1980.

MetaphorhasbeenseenwithintheWesternscientifictraditionaspurelyalinguisticconstruction.TheessentialthrustofLakoff'sworkhasbeentheargumentthatmetaphorsareprimarilyaconceptualconstruction,andindeedarecentraltothedevelopmentofthought.Hesays"Ourordinaryconceptualsystem,intermsofwhichweboththinkandact,isfundamentallymetaphoricalinnature."Non-metaphoricalthoughtisforLakoffonlypossiblewhenwetalkaboutpurelyphysicalreality.ForLakoffthegreaterthelevelofabstractionthemorelayersofmetaphorarerequiredtoexpressit.Peopledonotnoticethesemetaphorsforvariousreasons.Onereasonisthatsomemetaphorsbecome'dead'andwenolongerrecognisetheirorigin.Anotherreasonisthatwejustdon'tseewhatisgoingon.

Forinstance,inintellectualdebatetheunderlyingmetaphorisusuallythatargumentiswar:

Hewontheargument

Yourclaimsareindefensible

Heshotdownallmyarguments

Hiscriticismswererightontarget

Ifyouusethatstrategy,he'llwipeyouout

ForLakoff,thedevelopmentofthoughthasbeentheprocessofdevelopingbettermetaphors.Theapplicationofonedomainofknowledgetoanotherdomainofknowledgeoffersnewperceptionsandunderstandings.

Lakoff'stheoryhasmajorconsequencesifcorrect.Itpointstothecompletere-evaluationoftheentireWesternphilosophicalandscientifictraditions.Ithasapplicationsthroughtoutallacademicdisciplinesandindeedwithinallsociety.Lakoffhassoughttoexplorethefullconsequencesofthisviewinhislaterworks.

Abouttheembodiedmind

WhenLakoffclaimsthemindis"embodied",heisarguingthatalmost

allofhumancognition,upthroughthemostabstractreasoning,

dependsonandmakesuseofsuchconcreteand"low-level"facilities

asthesensorimotorsystemandtheemotions.Thereforeembodimentisa

rejectionnotonlyofdualismvis-a-vismindandmatter,butalsoof

claimsthathumanreasoncanbebasicallyunderstoodwithoutreference

totheunderlying"implementationdetails".

Lakoffis,withRafaelE.Nez （RafaelE.Nez:

rafaele....

[followhyperlinkformore...]） ,theprimaryproponentoftheembodiedmindthesis.

Lakoffoffersthreecomplementarybutdistinctsortsofargumentsin

favorofembodiment.First,usingevidencefromneuroscience （neuroscience:

Thescientificstudyofthenervoussystem） and

neuralnetwork （neuralnetwork:

Anynetworkofneuronsornucleithatfunctiontogethertoperformsomefunctioninthebody） simulations,hearguesthatcertainconcepts,such

ascolorandspatialrelationconcepts（e.g."red"or"over"）,canbealmostentirelyunderstoodthroughtheexaminationofhowprocessesofperceptionormotorcontrolwork.

Second,basedoncognitivelinguistics （cognitivelinguistics:

cognitivelinguisticsisaschooloflinguisticsandcognitivescience,whichaims...

[followhyperlinkformore...]） 'analysisoffigurative

language,hearguesthatthereasoningweuseforsuchabstracttopics

aswarfare,economics,ormoralityissomehowrootedinthereasoning

weuseforsuchmundanetopicsasspatialrelationships.（See

conceptualmetaphor （conceptualmetaphor:

conceptualmetaphor:

incognitivelinguisticsmetaphorisdefinedasunderstandingone...

[followhyperlinkformore...]） .）

Finally,basedonresearchincognitivepsychology （cognitivepsychology:

Anapproachtopsychologythatemphasizesinternalmentalprocesses） andsome

investigationsinthephilosophyoflanguage （philosophyoflanguage:

philosophyoflanguageisthebranchofphilosophythatstudieslanguage....

[followhyperlinkformore...]） ,hearguesthatvery

fewofthecategoriesusedbyhumansareactuallyoftheblackand

whitetypeamenabletoanalysisintermsofnecessaryandsufficient

conditions.Onthecontrary,mostcategoriesaresupposedtobemuch

morecomplicatedandmessy,justlikeourbodies.

"Weareneuralbeings,"Lakoffstates,"Ourbrainstaketheirinputfromtherestofourbodies.Whatourbodiesarelikeandhowtheyfunctionintheworldthusstructurestheveryconceptswecanusetothink.Wecannotthinkjustanything-onlywhatourembodiedbrainspermit."

AcriticismofLakoffwouldbethathewritesasifhehasdiscoveredsomethinguniquewiththeconceptoftheembodiedmind.However,anumberofthinkershaveconsideredthemindtobe'embodied',andhisargumentwouldbestrongerifhereferencedtheirideas.PhysicistDavidBohm （DavidBohm:

morefactsaboutthissubject） madeasimilarargumentforembodimentinThoughtAsASystem.JohnGrinder （JohnGrinder:

johngrinderistheco-founder（withrichardbandler）ofneuro-linguisticprogramming....

[followhyperlinkformore...]） andRichardBandler （RichardBandler:

richardbandler（bornfebruary24,1950,diedmay12,2005）istheco-inventor...

[followhyperlinkformore...]） articulatedthisviewinNeuro-linguisticprogramming （Neuro-linguisticprogramming:

morefactsaboutthissubject） .SimilarideascanalsobefoundintheworkofJulianJaynes （JulianJaynes:

julianjaynes（1920-1997）wasanamericanpsychologist,bestknownforhisbook...

[followhyperlinkformore...]） .

Controversialextensionstotheembodiedmindthesis

Manyscientistssharethebeliefthatthereareproblemswithfalsifiability （falsifiability:

falsifiabilityisanimportantconceptinthephilosophyofsciencethatamountstothe...

[followhyperlinkformore...]） andfoundationontologies （foundationontologies:

afoundationontologypurportstodescribe"whatexists",toasufficientdegreeofrigor...

[followhyperlinkformore...]） purportingtodescribe"whatexists",toasufficientdegreeofrigortoestablishareasonablemethodofempiricalvalidation （empiricalvalidation:

anempiricalvalidationofahypothesisisrequiredforitto...

[followhyperlinkformore...]） .