History of Feminism.docx
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History of Feminism.docx
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HistoryofFeminism
HistoryofFeminism
Thehistoryoffeministmovementshasbeendividedintothree"waves"byfeministscholars.[1][2]Eachisdescribedasdealingwithdifferentaspectsofthesamefeministissues.Thefirstwavereferstothefeminismmovementofthe18ththroughearly20thcenturies,whichdealtmainlywiththeSuffragemovement.WriterssuchasVirginiaWoolfareassociatedwiththeideasoftheFirstWaveoffeminism.InherbookARoomofOne’sOwn(book),Woolf“describeshowmensociallyandpsychicallydominatewomen".Theargumentofthebookisthat“womenaresimultaneouslyvictimsofthemselvesaswellasvictimsofmenandareupholdersofsocietybyactingasmirrorstomen”[1]Sherecognizesthesocialconstructsthatrestrictwomeninsocietyandusesliteraturetocontextualizeitforotherwomen.
Thesecondwave(1960s-1980s)dealtgenderinequalityinlawsandculture.ItbuiltupontheestablishedgoalsoftheFirstWaveandbegantoadapttheideastoAmericanculture.SimoneDeBeauvoirisverymuchassociatedwiththiswavebecauseofherideaofwomenas“theother”.ThisideawastoucheduponinthewritingofVirginiaWoolfandwasadaptedtoapplynotonlytothegenderrolesofwomeninthehouseholdoratwork,buttheirsexualityaswell.BeauvoirsetthetoneforlaterFeministtheory([1]TheThirdwaveofFeminism(1990s-current),isseenasbothacontinuationandaresponsetotheperceivedfailuresoftheSecond-wave.[3]
Inadditionto“responding”totheSecondWave,theThirdWavewaslessofareactiontocurrenteventsandmoreafocusondevelopingthedifferentachievementsofwomeninAmerica.TheFeministMovementgrewduringtheThirdWaveoffeminismtoincorporateagreaternumberofwomenwhomaynothavepreviouslyidentifiedwiththedynamicandgoalsthatwereestablishedatthestartofthemovement.AlthoughcriticizedaspurelyanadditiontotheSecondWave,theThirdWaveverymuchholdsitsownadditionstotheFeministMovementasawhole.Inordertoexplorethehistory,events,andstructureoftheFeministmovementitisimperativetoexploredifferentfigures,specificprotestsanddemonstrations,aswellasthetransformationinAmericancultureasawhole.ThefeministmovementisessentiallyonethathasworkedandcontinuestoworkagainstthestatusquoinAmericansociety.Accordingtobellhook,“Feminismisastruggleagainstsexistoppression.Therefore,itisnecessarilyastruggletoeradicatetheideologyofdominationthatpermeatesWesterncultureonvariouslevels,aswellasacommitmenttoreorganizingsocietysothattheself-developmentofpeoplecantakeprecedenceoverimperialism,economicexpansionandmaterialdesires.”[4]
America’scultureisonethatismeasuredonapatriarchalscale.CounteringthesestandardsispartoftheFeministMovement’sagendaand,althoughdifferingduringtheprogressionofwaves,itwasamovementstartedtoalsochallengethepoliticalstructure.Inthinkingofasocialmovementasacollective,organized,sustained,non-institutionalchallengetoauthorities,powerholders,orculturebeliefsorpracticesitcanbesaidtheFeministMovementinallaspectsalargeandlonglastingsocialmovement.ThisisassumingthatasocialmovementmustexistwithmorethanonepersonandbyallmeanstheFeministMovementisonethatismultifacetedincorporatingtheeffortsofindividualswhomaynothaveaffiliatedthemselveswiththemovementyethelpedthegoalsofthemovementbecomeattainable.ThereareexamplesofdifferentgroupswhowerepartofthemovementthatrejectedtheinstitutionoftheAmericansystemofcapitalism,however,theagendaoftheFirstandSecondwavesworkedwiththeAmericanpoliticalsysteminordertogainmorerights.
Thefeministmovementreachesfarbackbeforethe18thcentury,feministmovementwereplantedduringthelatepartofthatcentury.ChristinedePizan,alatemedievalwriter,waspossiblytheearliestfeministinthewesterntradition.Sheisbelievedtobethefirstwomantomakeabeautifulpieceofwriting.FeministthoughtbegantotakeamoresubstantialshapeduringTheEnlightenmentwithsuchthinkersasLadyMaryWortleyMontaguandtheMarquisdeCondorcetchampioningwomen'seducation.ThefirstscientificsocietyforwomenwasfoundedinMiddelburg,acityinthesouthoftheDutchrepublic,in1785.Journalsforwomenwhichfocusedonissueslikesciencebecamepopularduringthisperiodaswell.[citationneeded]
TheperiodoffeministactivityduringthenineteenthcenturyandearlytwentiethcenturyintheUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStatesisreferredtoasthefirstwaveoffeminism.Itwassometimeinthe1920'swhenfeminismdiedintheUS.Itfocusedprimarilyongainingtherightofwomen'ssuffrage.Theterm,"first-wave,"wascoinedretrospectivelyafterthetermsecond-wavefeminismbegantobeusedtodescribeanewerfeministmovementthatfocusedasmuchonfightingsocialandculturalinequalitiesasfurtherpoliticalinequalities.[5]
InBritain,theSuffragettescampaignedforthewomen'svote,whichwaseventuallygranted−tosomewomenin1918andtoallin1928−asmuchbecauseofthepartplayedbyBritishwomenduringtheFirstWorldWar,asoftheeffortsoftheSuffragists.IntheUnitedStatesleadersofthismovementincludeElizabethCadyStantonandSusanB.Anthony,whoeachcampaignedfortheabolitionofslaverypriortochampioningwomen'srighttovote.OtherimportantleadersincludeLucyStone,OlympiaBrown,andHelenPitts.Americanfirst-wavefeminisminvolvedawiderangeofwomen,somebelongingtoconservativeChristiangroups(suchasFrancesWillardandtheWoman'sChristianTemperanceUnion),othersresemblingthediversityandradicalismofmuchofsecond-wavefeminism(suchasStanton,Anthony,MatildaJoslynGageandtheNationalWomanSuffrageAssociation,ofwhichStantonwaspresident).IntheUnitedStatesfirst-wavefeminismisconsideredtohaveendedwiththepassageoftheNineteenthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution(1919),grantingwomentherighttovote.[citationneeded]
Thewomenwhomadethefirsteffortstowardswomen’ssuffragewerethosewhocamefromthemorestableandprivilegedbackgrounds.Inordertocreatechangeonemustbeinapositiontodedicatetimeandenergyintomakingchange.Thewomenpreviouslymentionedworkedveryhardtoattainthepersonalandcollectivegoals.TheirintentionsbenefitedwomeninAmerica,butnotallwomen.ThedevelopmentsmadeforwomenwereforthosewhobelongedtothemiddleandupperclassandwerepartoftheWhiterace.ThiswasthedynamicofthebeginningoftheFeministMovementinAmerica.Itwasaspecificagendaforacertaingroupofwomen.
Thesecondwaveoffeministactivitybeganintheearly1960sandlastedthroughthelate1980s.WhathelpedtriggerthissecondwavewasthebookwrittenbyBettyFriedan."ThekeyeventthatmarkedthereemergenceofthismovementinthepostwarerawasthesurprisepopularityofBettyFriedan's1963bookTheFeminineMystique.Writingasahousewifeandmother(thoughshehadhadalongstoryofpoliticalactivism,aswell),Friedandescribedtheproblemwithnonamethedissatisfactionofeducated,middleclasswivesandmotherslikeherselfwholookingattheirnicehomesandfamilieswonderedguiltilyifthatwasalltherewastolifewasnotnew;thevaguesenseofdissatisfactionplaguinghousewiveswasastapletopicforwomen’smagazinesinthe1950s.ButFriedan,insteadofblamingindividualwomenforfailingtoadapttowomen'sproperrole,blamedtheroleitselfandthesocietythatcreatedit"(Norton,MaryBeth,ApeopleANationpg865.2005HoughtonMifflinCompanyNewYork.)Duringthistimefeministscampaignedagainstculturalandpoliticalinequalities.Themovementencouragedwomentounderstandaspectsoftheirownpersonallivesasdeeplypoliticized,andreflectiveofasexiststructureofpower.Iffirst-wavefeminismfocuseduponabsoluterightssuchassuffrage,second-wavefeminismwaslargelyconcernedwithotherissuesofequality,suchastheendtodiscrimination.[5]Thefeministactivistandauthor,CarolHanischcoinedtheslogan"ThePersonalisPolitical"whichbecamesynonymouswiththesecondwave.[6][7]Second-wavefeministssawwomen'sculturalandpoliticalinequalitiesasinextricablylinkedandencouragedwomentounderstandaspectsoftheirpersonallivesasdeeplypoliticizedandasreflectingsexistpowerstructures.
Intheearly1990s,amovementaroseinresponsestotheperceivedthefailuresofsecondwavefeminism,ithasbeentermedthe"thirdwave".Itisalsodescribedasaresponsetothebacklashagainstinitiativesandmovementscreatedbysecond-wavefeminism.FeministleadersrootedinthesecondwavelikeGloriaAnzaldua,bellhooks,ChelaSandoval,CherrieMoraga,AudreLorde,MaxineHongKingston,andmanyotherfeministsofcolor,calledforanewsubjectivityinfeministvoice.Theysoughttonegotiateprominentspacewithinfeministthoughtforconsiderationofracerelatedsubjectivities.ThisfocusontheintersectionbetweenraceandgenderremainedprominentthroughtheHill-Thomashearings,butbegantoshiftwiththeFreedomRide1992.Thisdrivetoregistervotersinpoorminoritycommunitieswassurroundedwithrhetoricthatfocusedonrallyingyoungfeminists.Formany,therallyingoftheyoungistheemphasisthathasstuckwithinthirdwavefeminism.[5][8]ThedifferentwavesoffeminismarenotonlyreflectiveoftheculturalevolutioninAmericansincethe1920sbutitisalsothewayinwhichtheFeministMovementuseddifferentsocialmovementtacticstoencouragewomeninAmericatobecomeactiveandmotivateindividualstomakechangeforthewholeofwomen
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