华中科技大学考博英语真题答案.docx
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华中科技大学考博英语真题答案.docx
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华中科技大学考博英语真题答案
考试时刻2021年3月22日礼拜六下午2:
00-5:
00原创作者qq347952582
SinceWouldWarIIconsiderableadvanceshavebeenmadeintheareaofhealth-careservices.Theseincludebetteraccesstohealthcare(particularlyforthepoorandminorities),improvementsinphysicalplants,andincreasednumbersofphysiciansandotherhealthpersonnel.Allhaveplayedapartintherecentimprovementinlifeexpectancy(lifeexpectancy:
n.平均寿命(=expectationoflife)).Butthereismountingcriticismofthelargeremaininggapsinaccess,unbridledcostinflation,thefurtherfragmentationofservice,excessiveindulgenceinwastefulhigh-technology“gadgeteering,”andabreakdownindoctor-patientrelationships.Inrecentyears(inrecentyears:
最近几年中)proposedpanaceasandnewprograms,smallandlarge,haveproliferatedatafeverishpaceanddisappointmentsmultiplyatalmostthesamerate.Thishasledtoanincreasedpessimism—“everythinghasbeentriedandnothingworks”—whichsometimesbordersoncynicismorevennihilism.
Itistruethattheautomatic“passthrough”ofrapidlyspiralingcosts(spiralingcosts:
螺旋式上升的费用)togovernmentandinsurancecarriers,whichwassetinapublicizedenvironmentof“therichestnationintheworld,”producedforatime(foratime:
adv.临时,一度)asenseofunlimitedresourcesandallowedtodevelopamoodwherebyeverypractitionerandinstitutioncould“dohisownthing”withoutundueconcernforthe“MedicalCommons.”Thepracticeoffull-costreimbursementencouragedcapitalinvestmentandnowtheindustryisovercapitalized.Manycitieshavehundredsofexcesshospitalbeds;hospitalshaveproliferatedasuperabundanceofhigh-technologyequipment;
andstructuralostentationandluxuryweretheorderoftheday(orderoftheday:
议程,<口>流行的事物,风尚).Inanygivenday,one-fourthofallcommunitybedsarevacant;expensiveequipmentisunderusedor,worse,usedunnecessarily.Capitalinvestmentbringsrapidlyrisingoperatingcosts(operatingcosts:
生产费用,营业本钱).
Yet,inpart,thispessimismderivesfromexpectingtoomuchofhealthcare.Itmustberealizedthatcareis,formostpeople,apainfulexperience,oftenaccompaniedbyfearandunwelcomeresults.Althoughthereisvastroomforimprovement,healthcarewillalwaysretainsomeunpleasantnessandfrustration.Moreover,thecapacitiesofmedicalsciencearelimited.HumptyDumpty(一经损坏无法修复的东西)cannotalwaysbeputbacktogetheragain.Toomanyphysiciansarereluctanttoadmittheirlimitationstopatients;toomanypatientsandfamiliesareunwillingtoacceptsuchrealities.Norisittruethateverythinghasbeentriedandnothingworks,asshownbytheprepaidgrouppracticeplansoftheKaiserFoundationandatPugetSound.Inthemain(inthemain:
adv.大体上),however,suchundertakingshavebeendrownedbyaveritablefloodofpublicandprivatemoneyswhichhavesupportedandencouragedthecontinuationofconventionalpracticesandsubsidizedtheirshortcomingsonamassive,almostunrestrictedscale.Exceptforthemostidealisticanddedicated,therewerenoincentivestoseekchangeortopracticeself-restraintorfrugality.Inthisatmosphere,itisnotfairtocondemnasfailuresallattemptedexperiments;itmaybemoreaccuratetosaymanyneverhadafairtrial.
1.TheauthorimpliesthattheKaiserFoundationandPugetSoundplans(lines47-48)differedfromotherplansby
(A)encouragingcapitalinvestment
(B)requiringphysicianstotreatthepoor
(C)providingincentivesforcostcontrol
(D)employingonlydedicatedandidealisticdoctors(C)
(E)relyingprimarilyonpublicfunding
2.Theauthormentionsallofthefollowingasconsequencesoffull-costreimbursementEXCEPT
(A)risingoperatingcosts
(B)underusedhospitalfacilities
(C)overcapitalization
(D)overrelianceonexpensiveequipment(E)
(E)lackofservicesforminorities
3.Thetoneofthepassagecanbestbedescribedas
(A)light-heartedandamused
(B)objectivebutconcerned
(C)detachedandunconcerned
(D)cautiousbutsincere(B)
(E)enthusiasticandenlightened
4.Accordingtotheauthor,the“pessimism”mentionedatline35ispartlyattributabletothefactthat
(A)therehasbeenlittlerealimprovementinhealth-careservices
(B)expectationsabouthealth-careservicesaresometimesunrealistic
(C)largesegmentsofthepopulationfinditimpossibletogetaccesstohealth-careservices
(D)advancesintechnologyhavemadehealthcareserviceunaffordable(B)
(E)doctorsarenowlessconcernedwithpatientcare
5.Theauthorcitestheprepaidplansinlines46-48as
(A)counterexamplestotheclaimthatnothinghasworked
(B)examplesofhealth-careplansthatwereover-funded
(C)evidencethathealth-careservicesarefragmented
(D)proofofthetheorythatnoplanhasbeensuccessful(A)
(E)experimentsthatyieldeddisappointingresults
6.Itcanbeinferredthatthesentence“HumptyDumptycannot
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