summary例子和答案.docx
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summary例子和答案.docx
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summary例子和答案
summary例子和答案
TheDevelopmentofWriting
Fewpeoplewoulddisagreewiththebeliefthatprimitivemanlearnedtospeaklongbeforehedevelopedasystemofwriting.Butwhilehisearlyspokenlanguagemayhavebeennothingmorethanafewsounds,earlymancouldtransmitmessagesacrossdistancesbymeansofsignalsfromdrums,smokeandfire.Itwasprobablyadesiretorecordmessagesthatledtothedevelopmentofalphabets.Forearlyman,whocouldspeakandwhocouldsendmessages,couldnotputthosemessagesintopermanentform.Thedesiretohavepermanentrecordsmaynotbeeasilyunderstoodintoday’sworldwhereelectronicsciencehasmadediskandtaperecordingscommonplace.Ifearlymanwantedtoleaverecordsofpasteventstoremindhimofgoodtimesandbad,hehadtodependonhismemory,andonprimitivemarkingssuchaspilesofstones,cuttingsonsticks,etc.Thelimitationsofthissystemledearlymantoturntorockdrawingsfortheexpressionofsophisticatedideas.Thisformofwritingdependedonpicturestoconveyideas,andalthoughmoreadvancedthanpreviousdevelopments,itwasstilltoolimitedformantobeentirelysatisfied.Manfinallywasabletodevelopasystemofpicturewritingthatassociatedsymbolsandsound.Thissystem,whichwasoriginatedbytheearlySumeriansandtheEgyptiansmorethan3,000.,isbasedonthesameprinciplethatwesuetodayinmostworldalphabets.Itwasabout1,000.thatthePhoenicianstookthecomplicatedpicturealphabetsoftheEgyptiansandsimplifiedthenintoabout30symbols,eachonestandingfora
consonantsound.Finally,theancientGreeks,about800.,refinedthisPhoenicianalphabetandaddedsignsforvowelsounds.ThealphabetusedinEnglish,andinmanyotherworldlanguages,iscalledtheRomanalphabetbecauseitwasdevelopedbytheRomanswhohadtakenmostofitfromanotherItalicpeople,theEtruscan,who,intheirturn,hadlearneditfromtheancientGreeks.LettersonancientmonumentsinRomeprovethattheRomanalphabet,thesamealphabetusedtoday,hadbeenperfectedby.114.
SecrettoLongevityLiesinGenes,StudyFinds
TueJun11,5:
16PMET
byMaggieFox,HealthandSciencesCorrespondent
WASHINGTON(Reuters)Wanttolivetobe100Pickoldgrandparents.It’sanoldirony,butresearcherssaidonTuesdaytheyhadshownthisisremarkablytruewhenitcomestosurvivingintooldage,andtheybelieveaclusterofjustafewgenesmayberesponsible.Theyhavesetupacompanythatstudiescentenarianstoseeifthegenericsecrettolivingalongandhealthylifemayresultindrugsthatcanpreventthediseasesofaging,suchasAlzheimer’sandheartdisease."Itisn’treallythatobvious,"Dr.ThomasPerls,wholedthestudy,saidinatelephoneinterview."Itisn’toldagethatrunsinfamilies.It’sexceptionaloldagethatrunsinfamilies.Wethinkthismaybeahandful
ofgenesthatcouldbeplayingreallysubstantialrolesintheabilitytogettoveryoldage,muchofitingoodhealth."
Perl’steamatHarvardUniversityandBethIsraelDeaconessMedicalSchoolstudied444families,includingmorethan2,000relativesofpeoplewholiveto100.DemographerJohnWilmothoftheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleycomparedthisdatatothe1900censusandtheSocialSecurityAdministrationdatabase."Femalesiblingshaddeathratesatallagesataboutone-halfthenationallevel,"theywroteintheirreport,publishedinthisweekissueoftheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences."Malesiblingsofcentenarianswereatleast17timesaslikelytoattainage100themselves,whilefemalesiblingswereatleasteighttimesaslikely."Perlsisnotinterestedinextendinglifeatanycost.
WHOWANTSTOGETTHATOLD,ANYWAY?
"Peoplemightthink,whowantstoliveto100anywaybecausepeoplegettheideathattheolderyouget,thesickeryouget."Buthisstudyfoundjusttheopposite."YoucangetAlzheimer,stroke,cancerinyour60sand70sandexpecttoliveanother30,40years."EarlierworkhasshownmanyofthesepeoplesharesimilaritiesintheirDNA,especiallyonchromosome4.Perlshopeshiscompany,Centagenetixcanhomeinontheimportantgenesandperhapsmakediscoveriesthatwillleadtodrugsthatcanstaveoffdisease.
"Discoveringthesegeneswillleadtounderstandingthebiochemicalpathwaysthatthosegenesaffect,"hesaid."Myhopeisthatthatwould
helpalotofotherpeopleagemoreslowlyanddelayand,mygoodnessevenescape,somethinglikeAlzheimer."
Whichgenesyoudonothavemaybeasimportantasthoseyoudo,Perlssaid.Forinstance,hefoundthe100-year-oldswereveryunlikelytohaveaversionofagenecalledAPOE-4,whichisassociatedwithhighcholesterolandAlzheimer.Environmentdidnotseemtobetooimportanttothosewholivedtobe100.CensusBureaudatashowedtheyweremorelikelytobepoorandpoorlyeducatedsomethingnotusuallyassociatedwitholdage.
Butformostofus,environmentandbehavioriskey."Ithinktheaveragesetofgenesgetsustoourmid-tolate-80s,"saidPerls,ageriatricianwhonowworksatBostonMedicalCenter."IbasethisontwinstudiesandonSeventhDayAdventists,whohavealifeexpectancyof87years,whodoeverythingright。
Theysmoke,theyarelean,theyarevegetarian,theyexerciseandasaresulttheylive10yearslongerthantherestofus.Thatbasicallytellsuswhatourgenesarecapableof.Buttolivetheextra15,20yearsbeyondthat,Isuspectgenesareplayingagreaterrole."
SoThatNobodyHasToGoToSchoolIfTheyDon'tWant
byTobyRogerSipher
AdeclineinstandardizedtestscoresisbutthemostrecentindicatorthatAmericaneducationisintrouble.
Onereasonforthecrisisisthatpresentmandatory-attendancelawsforcemanytoattendschoolwhohavenowishtobethere.SuchchildrenhavelittledesiretolearnandaresoantagonistictoschoolthatneithertheynormorehighlymotivatedstudentsreceivethequalityeducationthatisthebirthrightofeveryAmerican.
Thesolutiontothisproblemissimple:
Abolishcompulsory-attendancelawsandallowonlythosewhoarecommittedtogettinganeducationtoattend.
Thiswillnotendpubliceducation.Contrarytoconventionalbelief,legislatorsenactedcompulsory-attendancelawstolegalizewhatalreadyexisted.WilliamLandesandLewisSolomon,economists,foundlittleevidencethatmandatory-attendancelawsincreasedthenumberofchildreninschool.Theyfound,too,thatschoolsystemshavenevereffectivelyenforcedsuchlaws,usuallybecauseoftheexpenseinvolved.
Thereisnocontradictionbetweentheassertionthatcompulsoryattendancehashadlittleeffectonthenumberofchildrenattendingschoolandtheargumentthatrepealwouldbeapositivesteptowardimprovingeducation.Mostparentswantahighschooleducationfortheirchildren.Unfortunately,compulsoryattendancehampersthe
abilityofpublicschoolofficialstoenforcelegitimateeducationalanddisciplinarypoliciesandtherebymaketheeducationagoodone.
Privateschoolshavenosuchproblem.Theycanfailordismissstudents,knowingsuchstudentscanattendpublicschool.Withoutcompulsoryattendance,publicschoolswouldbefreertoouststudentswhoseacademicorpersonalbehaviorunderminestheeducationalmissionoftheinstitution.
HasnotthenobleexperimentofaformaleducationforeveryonefailedWhilewepayhomagetothehomily,"Youcanleadahorsetowaterbutyoucan'tmakehimdrink,"wehavepretendeditisnottrueineducation.
Askhighschoolteachersifrecalcitrantstudentslearnanythingofvalue.Askteachersifthesestudentsdoanyhomework.Quitethecontrary,thesestudentsknowtheywillbepassedfromgradetogradeuntiltheyareoldenoughtoquitoruntil,asismorelikely,theyreceiveahighschooldiploma.Atthepointwhenstudentscouldlegallyquit,mostchoosetoremainsincetheyknowtheyarelikelytobeallowedtograduatewhethertheydoacceptableworkornot.
Abolitionofarchaicattendancelawswouldproduceenormousdividends.
First,itwouldalerteveryonethatschoolisaseriousplacewhereonegoestolearn.Schoolsareneitherday-carecentersnorindoorstreetcorners.Youngpeoplewhoresistlearningshouldstayaway;indeed,anendtocompulsoryschoolingwouldrequirethemtostayaway.
Second,studentsopposedtolearningwouldnotbeabletopollutetheeducationalatmosphereforthosewhowanttolearn.Teacherscouldstoppolicingrecalcitrantstudentsandstarteducating.
Third,gradeswouldshowwhattheyaresupposedto:
howwellastudentislearning.Parentscouldagainreadreportcardsandknowiftheirchildrenweremakingprogress.
Fourth,publicesteemforschoolswouldincrease.PeoplewouldstopregardingthemaswaystationsforadolescentsandstartthinkingofthemasinstitutionsforeducatingAmerica'syouth.
Fifth,elementaryschoolswouldchangebecausestudentswouldfindoutearlytheyhadbetterlearnsomethingorriskflunkingoutlater.Elementaryteacherswouldnolongerhavetopasstheirfailuresontojuniorhighandhighschool.
Sixth,thecostofenforcingcompulsoryeducationwouldbeeliminated.Despiteenforcementefforts,nearly15percentoftheschool-agechildreninourlargestcitiesarealmostpermanentlyabsentfromschool.
Communitiescouldusethesesavingstosupportinstitutionstodealwithyoungpeoplenotinschool.If,inthelongrun,theseinstitutionsprovemorecostly,atleastwewouldnotconfusetheirmissionwiththatofschools.
Schoolsshouldbeforeducation.Atpresent,theyareonlytangentiallyso.Theyhaveattemptedtoserveanall-encompassingsocialfunction,tryingtobeallthingstoallpeople.Intheprocessthey
h
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