计算机专业文献翻译OMG统一建模语言规范.docx
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计算机专业文献翻译OMG统一建模语言规范.docx
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计算机专业文献翻译OMG统一建模语言规范
附录:
B
OMGUnifiedModelingLanguageSpecification
Preface
0.1AbouttheUnifiedModelingLanguage(UML)
TheUnifiedModelingLanguage(UML)providessystemarchitectsworkingonobjectanalysisanddesignwithoneconsistentlanguageforspecifying,visualizing,constructing,anddocumentingtheartifactsofsoftwaresystems,aswellasforbusinessmodeling.
Thisspecificationrepresentstheconvergenceofbestpracticesintheobject-technology
industry.UMListhepropersuccessortotheobjectmodelinglanguagesofthreepreviously
leadingobject-orientedmethods(Booch,OMT,andOOSE).TheUMListheunionofthese
modelinglanguagesandmore,sinceitincludesadditionalexpressivenesstohandlemodelingproblemsthatthesemethodsdidnotfullyaddress.
OneoftheprimarygoalsofUMListoadvancethestateoftheindustrybyenablingobjectvisualmodelingtoolinteroperability.However,inordertoenablemeaningfulexchangeofmodelinformationbetweentools,agreementonsemanticsandnotationisrequired.UMLmeets
thefollowingrequirements:
•Formaldefinitionofacommonobjectanalysisanddesign(OA&D)metamodeltorepresent
thesemanticsofOA&Dmodels,whichincludestaticmodels,behavioralmodels,usage
models,andarchitecturalmodels.
•IDLspecificationsformechanismsformodelinterchangebetweenOA&Dtools.This
documentincludesasetofIDLinterfacesthatsupportdynamicconstructionandtraversalof
ausermodel.
•Ahuman-readablenotationforrepresentingOA&Dmodels.Thisdocumentdefinesthe
UMLnotation,anelegantgraphicsyntaxforconsistentlyexpressingtheUML’srich
semantics.NotationisanessentialpartofOA&DmodelingandtheUML.
0.2AbouttheObjectManagementGroup(OMG)
TheObjectManagementGroup,Inc.(OMG)isaninternationalorganizationsupportedbyover800members,includinginformationsystemvendors,softwaredevelopersandusers.Foundedin1989,theOMGpromotesthetheoryandpracticeofobject-orientedtechnologyinsoftwaredevelopment.Theorganization'scharterincludestheestablishmentofindustryguidelinesandobjectmanagementspecificationstoprovideacommonframeworkforapplicationdevelopment.Primarygoalsarethereusability,portability,andinteroperabilityofobject-basedsoftwareindistributed,heterogeneousenvironments.Conformancetothesespecificationswillmakeitpossibletodevelopaheterogeneousapplicationsenvironmentacrossallmajorhardwareplatformsandoperatingsystems.
OMG'sobjectivesaretofosterthegrowthofobjecttechnologyandinfluenceitsdirectionbyestablishingtheObjectManagementArchitecture(OMA).TheOMAprovidestheconceptualinfrastructureuponwhichallOMGspecificationsarebased.
ContacttheObjectManagementGroup,Inc.at:
OMGHeadquarters
492OldConnecticutPath
Framingham,MA01701
USA
Tel:
+1-508-8204300
Fax:
+1-508-8204303
pubs@omg.org
http:
//www.omg.org
OMG’sadoptionoftheUMLspecificationreducesthedegreeofconfusionwithintheindustrysurroundingmodelinglanguages.Itsettlesunproductiveargumentsaboutmethodnotationsandmodelinterchangemechanismsandallowstheindustrytofocusonhigherleverage,moreproductiveactivities.Additionally,itenablessemanticinterchangebetweenvisualmodelingtools.
0.3AboutThisDocument
Thisdocumentisintendedprimarilyasapreciseandself-consistentdefinitionoftheUML’s
semanticsandnotation.TheprimaryaudienceofthisdocumentconsistsoftheObject
ManagementGroup,standardsorganizations,bookauthors,trainers,andtoolbuilders.The
authorsassumefamiliaritywithobject-orientedanalysisanddesignmethods.Thedocumentis
notwrittenasanintroductorytextonbuildingobjectmodelsforcomplexsystems,althoughit
couldbeusedinconjunctionwithothermaterialsorinstruction.Thedocumentwillbecome
moreapproachabletoabroaderaudienceasadditionalbooks,trainingcourses,andtoolsthat
applytoUMLbecomeavailable.
TheUnifiedModelingLanguagespecificationdefinescompliancetotheUML,coversthe
architecturalalignmentwithothertechnologies,andiscomprisedofthefollowingtopics:
UMLSummary(Chapter1)-providesanintroductiontotheUML,discussingmotivationandhistory.
UMLSemantics(Chapter2)-definesthesemanticsoftheUnifiedModelingLanguage.TheUMLislayeredarchitecturallyandorganizedbypackages.Withineachpackage,themodelelementsaredefinedinthefollowingterms:
UMLNotationGuide(Chapter3)-specifiesthegraphicsyntaxforexpressingthesemanticsdescribedbytheUMLmetamodel.Consequently,theUMLNotationGuide’schaptershouldbereadinconjunctionwiththeUMLSemanticschapter.
UMLStandardProfiles(Chapter4)-definestheUMLProfileforSoftwareDevelopmentProcessesandtheUMLProfileforBusinessModeling.
UMLCORBAfacilityInterfaceDefinition(Chapter5)-usesCORBAIDLtospecifyarepositorythatenablesthecreation,storageandmanipulationofUMLmodels.
UMLXMIDTDSpecification(Chapter6)-usesXMLDTDtodefineaphysicalmechanismforinterchangingUMLmodelsthatconformtotheUMLmetamodel.
ObjectConstraintLanguageSpecification(Chapter7)-definestheObjectConstraintLanguage(OCL)syntax,semantics,andgrammar.AllOCLfeaturesaredescribedintermsofconceptsdefinedintheUMLSemantics.
Inaddition,thereisappendixofStandardElementsthatdefinesstandardstereotypes,constraintsandtaggedvaluesforUML,andaglossaryofterms.
0.3.1DependenciesBetweenChapters
UMLSemantics(Chapter2)canstandonitsown,relativetotheothers,withtheexceptionoftheOCLSpecification.ThesemanticsdependsuponOCLforthespecificationofitswellformednessrules.
TheUMLNotationGuide,UMLCORBAfacilityInterfaceDefinitionandUMLXMIDTDSpecificationalldependontheUMLSemantics.Specifyingtheseasseparatestandardswillpermittheirevolutioninthemostflexibleway,eventhoughtheyarenotcompletely
independent.
ThespecificationsintheUMLStandardProfilesdependonboththenotationandsemanticschapters.
1.AbstractsyntaxUMLclassdiagramsareusedtopresenttheUMLmetamodel,itsconcepts(metaclasses),relationships,andconstraints.Definitionsoftheconceptsareincluded.
2.Well-formednessrulesTherulesandconstraintsonvalidmodelsaredefined.TherulesareexpressedinEnglishproseandinapreciseObjectConstraintLanguage(OCL).OCLisaspecificationlanguagethatuseslogicforspecifyinginvariantpropertiesofsystemscomprisingsetsandrelationshipsbetweensets.
3.SemanticsThesemanticsofmodelusagearedescribedinEnglishprose.
0.4CompliancetotheUML
TheUMLandcorrespondingfacilityinterfacedefinitionarecomprehensive.However,thesespecificationsarepackagedsothatsubsetsoftheUMLandfacilitycanbeimplementedwithoutbreakingtheintegrityofthelanguage.TheUMLSemanticsispackagedasfollows:
ThispackagingshowsthesemanticdependenciesbetweentheUMLmodelelementsinthedifferentpackages.TheIDLinthefacilityispackagedalmostidentically.Thenotationisalso“packaged”alongthelinesofdiagramtype.ComplianceoftheUMListhusdefinedalongthelinesofsemantics,notation,andIDL.
Evenifthecompliancepointsaredecomposedintomorefundamentalunits,vendors
implementingUMLmaychoosenottofullyimplementthispackagingofdefinitions,whilestillfaithfullyimplementingsomeoftheUMLdefinitions.However,vendorswhowanttopreciselydeclaretheircompliancetoUMLshouldrefertothepreciselanguagedefinedherein,andnotlooselysaytheyare“UMLcompliant.”
0.4.1CompliancetotheUMLSemantics
ThebasicunitsofcompliancearethepackagesdefinedintheUMLmetamodel.ThefullmetamodelincludesthecorrespondingsemanticrigordefinedintheUMLSemanticschapterofthisspecification.
Theclassdiagramillustratesthepackagedependencies,whicharealsosummarizedinthetable.
Complyingwithapackagerequirescomplyingwiththeprerequisitepackage.
Thesemanticsaredefinedinanimplementationlanguage-independentway.Animplementationofthesemantics,withoutconsistentinterfaceandimplementationchoices,doesnotguaranteetoolinteroperability.SeetheOA&DCORBAfacilityInterfaceDefinition(Chapter5).
Inadditiontotheabovepackages,compliancetoagivenmetamodelpackagemustloadorknowaboutthepredefinedUMLstandardelements(i.e.,valuesforallpredefinedstereotypes,tags,andconstraints).ThesearedefinedthroughoutthesemanticsandnotationdocumentsandsummarizedintheUMLStandardElementsappendix.Thepredefinedconstraintvaluesmustbeenforcedconsistentwiththeirdefinitions.Havingtoolsknowaboutthestandardelementsisnecessaryforthefulllanguageandtoavoidthedefinitionofuser-definedelementsthatconflictwiththestandardUMLelements.CompliancetotheUMLStandardElementsandUMLStandardProfilesisdistinctfromtheUMLSemantics,sonotalltoolsneedtoknowabouttheUMLStandardElementsandUMLStandardProfiles.
ForanyimplementationofUML,itisoptionalthatthetoolimplementstheObjectConstraintLanguage.AvendorconformingtoOCLsupportmustsupportthefollowing:
•ValidateandstoresyntacticallycorrectOCLexpressionsasvaluesforUMLdatatypes.
•Beabletoperformafulltypecheckontheobjectconstraintexpression.ThischeckwilltestwhetherallfeaturesusedintheexpressionareactuallydefinedintheUMLmodelandusedcorrectly.AlltoolsconformingtotheUMLsemanticsareexpectedtoconformtothefollowingaspectsofthesemantics:
•abstractsyntax(i.e.,theconcepts,validrelationships,andconstraintsexpressedinthe
correspondingclassdiagrams),
•well-formednessru
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