Linguistics语言学归纳.docx

Linguistics语言学归纳.docx

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Linguistics语言学归纳

Linguistics

I.Thescopeoflinguistics:

（abranchoflinguisticsthat….）

phonetics（语音学）:

thestudyoflinguisticspeechsounds,howtheyareproduced,howtheyareperceived,andtheirphysicalproperties.（studyofthephonicmediumofIanguage）

phonology:

（音位学）thestudyofhowspeechsoundsinaIanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticscommunication.

morphology:

（形态学）thestudyofthewordstructureandwordformation.

syntax:

（句法学）isthebranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.

semantics:

（语义学）thestudyoflinguisticmeaning.

pragmatics:

（语用学）abranchoflinguisticsthatstudiesthecontextoflanguageusetoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.

Somedistinctionsinlinguistics:

1）Prescriptive&descriptive

Prescriptive:

aimstodescribeandanalyzetheIanguagepeopleactuallyuseDescriptive:

aimstolaydownrulesforcorrect&standard”behaviorinusingIanguage.（doctor）

2）Synchronic&diachronic共时的&历时的

Synchronic:

thedescriptionofaIanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory.

Diachronic:

thedescriptionofaIanguageasitchangesthroughtime.

3）Langue&parole语言&言语

Langue:

referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.

Parole:

referstotherealizationofIanguageinactualuse.

4）Competenee&performanee语言能力&语言运用

Competenee:

theidealusersknowledgeoftherulesofhisIanguage

Performanee:

theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.

DesignfeaturesofIanguage:

1）arbitrariness:

（任意性）meansthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.

2）Productivity:

itmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnew

signalsbyitsusers.

3）Duality:

（双重性）dualityofstructureordoublearticulationofIanguageenablesuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.

4）Displacement:

Ianguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.不受时空限制

5）Culturaltransmission文化传播（eg:

狼孩）

2.FunctionsofIanguage:

1）Descriptivefunction:

itisthefunctiontoconveyfactualinformation,whichcanbeassertedordenied,andinsomecasesevenverified.

2）Expressivefunction:

suppliesinformationabouttheuser'feelings,preferences,prejudicesandvalues.

3）Socialfunction:

servestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetween

people.

英世舘音分类

LdbiaE

呗居科

LAbiO'-dcnUil1

AiSlW

Dental

因奇

AlveoJar

Palate!

Velar-软釋荷

Stops爆破音

VL

E>

t

k

TO

b

d

ft

Fricstiv?

^廊擦音

VL

s

TO

U

E

ALlricahe^

那撫音

vr

1

6

〔灯）

订

TO

V

VD

m

n

n

厦音

VT*

Oh轴

VD

w

J

Phone:

（音素）isaphoneticunitorsegment.

Phoneme:

（音位）isaphonologicalunit.Itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit.

3.Morphemes词素一theminimalunitsofmeaning

ThesmallestunitofIanguagethatcarriesinformationaboutmeaningorfunction

Freemorpheme:

amorphemewhichcanbeawordbyitself.

Boundmorphemeamorphememustbeattachedtoanotherone.

Derivationalmorphemes:

（彳衍生词素）themorphemeswhichchangethecategoryorgrammaticalclassofwords.Theyareconjoinedtoothermorphemes/words,newwordsarederivedorformed.（-en,-ate,-ic,-ous,-ly,-tion，-sive,-er）标出

Inflectionalmorphemes:

（曲折词素）theyareattachedtowordsormorphemes,buttheyneverchangetheirsyntacticcategory.（-s,-er,-est,-ed,-ing）O标出

4.Category:

referstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularIanguagesuchasasentence,anounphaseoraverb.Non-traditionalcategories:

determiner（Det）限定词，degree（Deg）,qualifier（Qua）Phraseelements:

specifiers,complements（XPRule）,modifiers.

Deepstructure:

formedbytheXPruleinaccordaneewiththehead'ssubcategorizationproperties.没变形陈述句

Surfacestructure

5.Lexicalmeaning:

Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofalinguisticform,thecollectonofallitsfeatures;itisabstractandde-contextualized.

Eg:

dog-generalmeaningofdog,features

Referenee:

meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld.

Eg；Oneparticular/certaindogexistentinthesituation,knowntoeachother

6.

Context:

itisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.（JohnFirth）

Speechacttheory:

（JohnAustin）

Locutionaryact:

（言内行为）istheactofutteringwords,phrasesandclauses.

Illocutionaryact:

（言外之意）istheactofexpressingthespeakersintention;itistheactofperformedinsayingsomething.

Perlocutionaryact:

（言后行为）istheactofperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequeneeof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutteranee.

Cooperativeprinciple-CP（PaulGrice）

Themaximofquantity:

Saynolessthantheconversationrequires.

Saynomorethantheconversationrequires.

Themaximofquality:

Don'tsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.

Don'tsaythingsforwhichyoulackevidenee.

Themaximofmanner:

Don'tbeobscure.Don'tbeambiguous.

Bebrief.Beorderly.

ThemaximofrelevaneeBerelevant.

7.Languagechange

Additionofnewwords:

1）Coinage:

创新词

Spywaredigitalcameracybercitizenmousepotato

2）Clippedwords:

缩略词

Lab-laboratorygym-gymnasiumfridge-refrigeratorburger-hamburger

3）Blending:

紧缩法

Smog-smoke+fogbrunch-breakfast+lunchcamcorder-camera+recorder

4）Acronyms:

首字母缩略词

CEO-chiefexecutiveofficerIT-informationtechnology

EUVIPB2BCPI

5）Back-formation:

逆构词法

Toedit/beg/baby-sit/donate/orient/hawk/aviate/appreciate

6）Functionshift

adj.-v.tocool/narrow/dim/slow

7）Borrowing

Bonustragedyskirteducationcycleprinceguitarbalcony

Balloonoperapumpteatofukowtowsampanzero

Kungfumahjongspaghettibizarregarage

8）Derivation派生词

Fixablerefusalexcitingimpressivedislikerestate

anti-pollution

unfair

realize

happiness

9）Compounds复合词

Bittersweet

rainbow

spoonfeed

sleepwalkinbornoff-license

Undertake

without

Iandlady

handoverwhitewash

8.Register语域

Fieldofdiscourse话语范围:

referstowhatisgoingon:

ontheareaofoperationoftheIanguageactivity.

Tenorofdiscourse话语基调:

referstotheroleofrelationshipinthesituationinquestion:

whotheparticipantsinthecommunicationgroupsareandwhatrelationshiptheystandtoeachother.

Modeofdiscourse话语方式:

referstothemeansofcommunication.Itisconcernedwithhow”communicationiscarriedout.

9.Sapir-whorfhypothesis（SWH）萨丕尔•沃尔夫假说

Languagefilterspeople'perceptionangthewaytheycategorizetheirexperiences.

10.LanguageAcquisition

TheoriesofchildIanguageacquisition:

1）Thebehaviorist

Imitationandpracticearepreliminary,anddiscriminationandgeneralizationarecrucialtoIanguagedevelopment.（habit-forming）

ButitfailstoexplainhowchildrenacquiremorecomplexgrammaticalstructuresoftheIanguage.

2）Theinnatist

LanguageAcquisitiondevice（LAD）Chomsky

Itproposedthathumanbeingsarebornwithaninnateability.

Itsaidthatthetheblackbox”containprinciplesthatareuniversaltoallhumanIanguage.

UniversalGrammar（UG）

3）Theinteractionist

ItholdsthatIanguagedevelopsasaresultofthecomplexinterplaybetweenthehumancharacteristicsofthechildandtheenvironmentinwhichhegrows.motheresechilddirectedspeech（CDS）caretakertalk

CriticalPeriodHypothesis（CPH）EricLenneberg

LADworkssuccessfullyonlywhenitisstimulatedattherighttime—aspecificandlimitedtimeperiodforIanguageacquisition.

Twoversions

StrongonesuggeststhatchildrenmustacquiretheirfirstIanguagebypubertyortheywillneverbeabletolearnfromsubsequentexposure.

TheweakholdsthatIanguagelearningwillbemoredifficultandincompleteafterpuberty.

11.SecondLanguageAcquisition

Positivetransfer正迁移facilitate

Negativetransfer负迁移interfereorhinder

Interlanguage中介语

ItwasestablishedaslearnersindependentsystemofthesecondIanguage,whichisofneitherthenativeIanguagenorthesecondIanguage,butacontinuumorapproximationfromoneextremeofhisnativeIanguagetotheotherofthesecondIanguage.

Fossilization石化现象

ItisaprocessoccurringfromtimetotimeinwhichincorrectlinguisticfeaturesbecomeapermanentpartofthewayapersonspeaksorwritesaIanguage.

Acquisition习得

Itisasubconsciousprocesswithoutminutelearningofgrammaticalrules.

Learning学习

ItreferstoconsciouseffortstolearnthesecondIanguageknowledgebylearningtherulesandtalkingabouttherules.